前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇benefit形容詞范文,相信會為您的寫作帶來幫助,發現更多的寫作思路和靈感。
一、形容詞和副詞的基本用法
1.形容詞在句中一般作定語、表語、補語。形容詞用逗號與句子隔開,在句中作狀語。
【考例1】As_______(nature) architects, thePueblo Indians figured out exactly…(2015年全國卷II)
解析:natural。形容詞作定語修飾名詞architects。
【考例2】Hans Zhang was____(自豪的)of himself for not giving up. (2015年陜西卷)
解析:proud。be proud of“對……引以為豪”。形容詞proud作was的表語。
【考例3】____(shock), I took it fromher automatically. She smiled and walked away.(2015年上海卷).
解析:Shocked。過去分詞shocked用作形容詞,在句中作狀語。
2.副詞在句中主要作狀語,修飾謂語動詞或系表結構。
【考例1】Abercrombie&Kent,a travel com-pany in Hong Kong, says it____(regular)arranges quick getawavs here for people…(2015年全國卷I)
解析:regularly。修飾動詞arranges應用副詞regularly。
【考例2】改錯:How nice to see you again!Dad and l were terrible worried.(2015年全國II卷)
解析:terrible改為terribly。應用副詞terri-bly修飾系表結構were worried。
【考例3】____ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. (2015年廣東卷)
解析:Luckilyoluckily為副詞,意為“幸運的是”。luckily在句中作狀語,放在句首修飾整個句子。
【考例4】Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat____(slow) during cool nights, thuswarming the house. (2015年全國II卷)
解析:slowlyo用slow的副詞形式slowly修飾動詞短語give out。
二、形容詞和副詞的比較等級
1.平級比較
常用as_as, not as/so…as,as+形容詞+as。注意區分下列固定結構:as long as“與……一樣長”;as far as“與……一樣遠,就……而言”;as well as“與……一樣好,既……又……”。
【考例】完成句子
沒有哪項技術的發展像電子技術這樣,對我們的社會、經濟以及文化等諸多方面產生過如此重要的影響。
No other technological development has had_________as the growth of electronics on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural de-velopment. (impact)(2014年湖北卷)
解析:as great an impact/such a great im-pact。本題考查as_as結構引導的同級比較。注意as…as結構中間的名詞應該置于形容詞之后。
2.比較級
【考例l】While finding information is easierthan ever, at the same time, researching has be-come____complex.(2015年湖南卷)
解析:more。根據上文中的“Research has become both simpler and more complex.”可知,本空填more。
【考例2】The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term“automatic shop”is far_______(appro-priate).(2014年上海卷)
解析:more appropriate。自動售貨機英語為huge outdoor vending machine,但是作者認為用術語“automatic shop”相比之下應是“較合適”,即用比較級形式。由于appropriate為多音節形容詞,故前面加more。
【注1】用“the+比較級,the+比較級”表示“越……,越……”。
【考例】The____(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! (2014年遼寧卷)
解析:harder。本題考查“the+比較級,the+比較級”結構。
【注2】“否定詞十比較級”表達最高級。
【考例】翻譯:沒有什么比獲準參加太空旅行項目更令人興奮的了。(than)(2014年上海卷)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
解析:There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel pro-gram.
3.最高級
【考例1)It was____(nice) gift I’d ev-er received, and it was from a complete stranger.(2015年上海卷)
解析:the nicest。形容詞最高級修飾的名詞,其后常接含有完成時的定語從句。
【考例2】改錯:My mum makes the betterbiscuits in the world…(2015年陜西卷)
解析:better改成best。名詞biscuits后用in the world修飾,其前需要用最高級best修飾,故把better改成best。
【考例3】完成句子
這部小說曾經是美國高中閱讀最廣泛的書。
This novel was once the____book in high schools in the United States. (read) (2014年湖北卷)
解析:most widely read。“閱讀最廣泛的書”,可譯為the most widely read book。
三、倍數表達法
1.倍數+as+形容詞/副詞的原級+as…
2.倍數+形容詞/副詞的比較級+than…
3.倍數+the+名詞(如size, height, weight,length, width等)+of…
4.倍數+as+形容詞+ al an+名詞+as…
5.倍數+as many(或much)+名詞+as…
6.倍數+ what從句/that of…
【考例l】It’s said that the power plant is now________large as what it was. (2013年安徽卷)
A.twice as
B.as twice
C. twice much
D.much twice
解析:A。根據空格后面的as判斷,形容詞large前面必須加as,倍數twice放在第一個as的前面。
【考例2】There are a small number of people involved, possibly_______twenty. (2013年江西卷)
A. as few as
B.as Iittle as
C.as many as
D.as much as
解析:A。題中people是可數名詞,常用few或many修飾。
四、形容詞和副詞的順序
1.多個形容詞修飾名詞的排列順序是考試常考的內容,大家應該記住下列口訣:限定描繪大長高,形狀年齡和新老,顏色國籍出材料,作用類別往后靠。
【考例】It’s a____clock,made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.(2013年上海卷)
A. charming French small
B. French small charming
C. small French charming
D. charming small French
解析:D。選項中的charming屬于描繪性的,small是大小,French是國籍。
2.副詞修飾形容詞的特殊詞序:so/as/how/that/too+形容詞+a(an)+單數可數名詞。
【考例】I make $2,000 a week,60 surely won’t make____difference to me.
A.that a big
B.a that big
C.big a that
D.that big a
解析:D。副詞that表示“那么……”修飾形容詞big,相當于s0及how的用法,即that(so/how) biga difference。
五、連接副詞
副詞起連接作用,使前后句構成某種邏輯上的銜接。常見的連接副詞有therefore, be-sides, otherwise, however, moreover, thus, mean-while等。
【考例1】Many of us were raised with the saying“Waste not, want not.” None of us,_________,can completely avoid waste in our lives. (2014年福建卷)
解析:however。根據句意可知上下文之間是轉折關系,所以使用副詞however表示轉折,前后都需要使用逗號隔開。
【考例2】It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,____,supply more jobs. (2014年安徽卷)
A.however
B.anywhere
C. therefore D.otherwise
解析:C。本題中“we will play a greater role in the market place”與“supply more jobs”之間是因果關系,故選C。
六、表語形容詞
active, afraid, alone, alive, alike, asleep, ashamed, awake, afloat, available, well. sorry, un-able, worth, sure等表語形容詞并非只能作表語,也可作補足語或后置定語。possible, impos-sible, probable, necessary, convenient, inconve-nient等作表語時,常用it作主語,而不用“人”作主語。likely既可用it作主語,也可用“人”作主語。
【考例1】-Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind?
-Sorry. I returned it to the library just now.Maybe it is still____.
A. available
B.affordable
C. acceptable
D.valuable
解析:A。根據下半句中的still可知用avail-able,而affordable“支付的起的”;acceptable“可接受的”;valuable“貴重的”均不符合題意。
【考例2】Would it be__________for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the air-port?
A.free
B.vacant
C.handy
D.convenient
解析:Do it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式。根據句意可知選convenient意為“方便的”。
七、形容詞、副詞詞義辨析
1.掌握形容詞、副詞的基本意義或固定搭配。
【考例1】Listening is thus an active, not a________, behavior consisting of hearing, under-standing and remembering. (2015年浙江卷)
A. considerate
B.sensitive
C.reliable
D.passive
解析:Do considerate“考慮周全的”;sensi-tive“敏感的”;reliable“可靠的”;passive“被動的”。根據not可知前后是反義表達,所以選D。
【考例2】The police officers decided to con-cluct a Lhorough and____review of thecase. (2015年江蘇卷)
A. comprehensive
plicated
C. conscious
D.crucial
解析:A。comprehensive“綜合的,全面的,有理解力的”;complicated“復雜的”;conscious“有意識的”;crucial“至關重要的”。根據題意可知選A。
【考例3lThe girl used to be shy, but is_______getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.(2015年湖北卷)
A.gradually
B.usually
C.previously
D.merely
解析:Ao gradually“逐漸地”;usually“通常,經常”;previously“以前”;merely“僅僅”。根據題意可知選A。
【考例4】They gave money to the old people’shome either____or through their compa-nies. (2015年安徽卷)
A.legally
B.sincerely
C. personally
D.deliberately
解析:Colegally“合法地”;sincerely“真誠地”;personally“個人而言”;deliberately“故意地”。根據題意可知選C。
2.掌握一些特殊的形容詞、副詞用法。如修飾population用large/small,修飾price用high/low,下大雨用It rained heavily或a heavy rain;連詞though, since,in case也可用作副詞。
【考例l】The school was moved out of down-town as the number of students had grown too______________________________.
A.small
B.few
C.large
D.many
解析:Cothe number of“……的數量”,其后的形容詞應為“大小”(large/small),不用“多少”(many/few)。
【考例2】Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky,_______?
A. though
B.also C.either
D.too
解析:A。前后兩句之間是轉折關系。
八、強化訓練
(一)改錯。找出下列句子中的錯誤并改正。
1. Global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
2. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.
3.I thought the biscuits were really well.
4. On the left-hand side of the class,I coulcl easy see the football field.
5. So really friendship should he able to stand all sorts of tests.
6. Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherrv tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.
7. As a result, the plants are growing some-where.
8. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
9. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
10. Don’t panic or get out of line, ancl try to remain quiet and calmly.
11. The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
12. Just then a bird was flying over us. My un-cles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.
13. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.
14. No one in the carriage had previous spo-ken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.
15. I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.
(二)完成句子 o在空白處填入適當的內容
1. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said_____(sharp), “Don’t be somean, pointing a finger of warning at her.
2. After knocking_______(polite) at the door, the applicant entered the office of the gener-al manager.
3. It’s much more________(benefit) to saysomething like,”I think we had…”
4. Team members want and think(high) of these qualities in a group leader.
5. It’s lightweight, it’s flexible, and-________important-it holds its shape.
6. Although it costs more to produce________a typical soccer ball, Jahnigen estimates the One World Football can last 30 years. So far, it’s been given to kids in 143 countries.
7.“That would be a very________(reason)thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like outs,”Nick said.
8.“But such a small thing couldn’t________(possible) destroy a village.”
9. I like it. Nothing could be________(sweet).
10. A note is often a________way to“talk”with a child than using the telephone.
11. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is________(clean) than ev-er.
12. I cannot control my body well. My legs become________(pain)
13. It was________(bravery) of Mary to quit her job and start her own business.
14. Raymond’s parents wanted him to have________(good)possible education.
15. What was so________(impression)about Jasmine Westland' s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
(三)短文填空。閱讀下面材料,在空白處填人適當的內容 (1個單詞 )或括號內單詞的正確形式。
A
Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does l certain thing again, he is driven by an unseen force to do the same thing 2 (repeat); then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed , it is difficult. and sometimes 3 (possible) to get rid of. It is therefore very 4 (importance) that we should pay great attention to the formation of the habits.
Children 5 form bad habits, some of which remain with them 6 long as they live. Laziness, lying, stealing and so on are all easily formed bad habits. However, there are many7 habits formed in early life that are of great help. Many 8 (success) men say much of their success has something to do with certain 9 (habit)in early life like early ris-ing and honesty. We should keep 10 from all the bad habits and try to form such goocl habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
B
This morning, my neighbor called me and asked me l (anxious): “Are your dogsmissing? ”
I was filled with 2 (nervous) and im- mediately made a phone call to my wife, and then I replied with relief, “No. They 3 (stay) at home.”My neighbor is a sweet, kind and gener- ous girl with 4 0ld- fashioned heart and spirit. She bakes cookies and shares them with neighbors. rroday she found two small dogs walk-ing down the street, so she brought them home.
I then suggested places 5 she could report the missing dogs.“Most people wouldn’t do anything about them,”I said,“Many cars and peo-ple passed by them this morning, ignoring them.You did the 6 (rightly)thing.”
1 went outside to look for someone who mightbe walking 7 the street, and I expected tohear the distant cry of someone calling the dogs”names. 8 no one did this.
If l were lost,1 would hope someone would come looking for me. If l were crying alone,I9 hope that someone would stop and wipe away my tears. Why 10 9ive a little love to dogs and other creatures?
參考答案與解析:
(一)改錯
1. seriously改成seriousoa verv serious prob-lem“一個很嚴重的問題”,修飾名詞應用形容詞serious。
2.去掉very。他如此喜歡它以致于他快速地走進商店。so…that…“如此……以致于……”。
3.well改成good。作表語用形容詞,故well改成good。
4.easy改成easily。修飾動詞see,應用副詞easily。
5.reallly改成real。用形容詞作前置定語,修飾名詞friendship。
6 before改成agooago表示“從現在起的若干時間以前”意為“距今……以前”,需和過去時或過去進行時連用;before泛指“從過去起的若干時間以前”,意思是“距過去某時……以前”,常和完成時連用,這里謂語動詞planted用的是過去式,故用ago。
7.somewhere改成everywhere。根據句意可知把somewhere(某地)改成everywhere(到處)。
8.taste改成tasty。放在are后面,應該用形容詞。and是并列連詞,連接前后兩個形容詞。
9.wonderfully改成wonderful;tomatoes是名詞,應該用形容詞修飾,副詞常常修飾動詞。
10. calmlv改成calm。remaln為系動詞,后接形容詞作表語。
11. helpfully改成helpful。考查形容詞與副詞。and并列的是兩個形容詞作are的表語。
12. immediate改成immediately。修飾動詞jumped,應用副詞immediately。
13. closely改成close。本句“how close thehouses are”中的close本應該是在系動詞are的后面,構成系表結構are close。closely是一個副詞,副詞通常不能和系動詞連用構成系表結構。
14.previous改成previously。本句中應該使用副詞previously作狀語,修飾謂語動詞。形容詞previous通常作為定語或者表語,不能作狀語。
15. noise改成noisy。本句中應該使用形容詞noisy和系動詞was構成系表結構,修飾車里當時的情況。同時noisy與后面的形容詞短語filled with構成并列關系。
(二)完成句子
1.sharply。根據句子結構可知應用sharp的副詞形式sharply意為“嚴厲地,毫不客氣地”。
2.politely。副詞politely“禮貌地”,修飾動詞knock。
3.beneficial。根據句意和句子結構可知,本空應填benefit的形容詞形式beneficial。
4.highly。think highly of意為“高度贊揚”。
5.most。most important意為“最為重要的”。
6.than。前面有more,故填than。
7.reasonable。應用形容詞修飾名詞thing。
8.possibly。應用副詞修飾謂語動詞de-stroy。
9.sweeter。否定詞nothing后加比較級sweeter表達肯定的最高級。
10. better。根據后面的than可知,空格處應填比較級。根據空格前冠詞a判斷,應填以輔音開頭的形容詞。根據句子的前后意思及邏輯關系,填good的比較級符合題意。
11. cleaner。根據后面的比較連詞than可知,這里應該用比較級,故填cleaner。
12.painful。此處為形容詞作表語構成系表結構。
13. brave。用形容詞原形作表語。“It is+形容詞+ofto do sth”為固定句型。
14. the best。形容詞最高級前加the是解題關鍵。
15. impressive。impressive是形容詞,意為“印象深刻的”。
(三)短文填空
A
1.a。a certain表示“某一”,后接可數名詞單數。
2.repeatedly。副詞repeatedly修飾謂語動詞do。
3.impossible。根據句意可知與difficult并列,只能用impossible。
4.important。作系動詞IS的表語,應用形容詞important。
5.often。孩子們經常養成壞習慣。
6.as。as long as意為“同……一樣長”。
7.other。有許多在人生早期形成的其他習慣。
8.successful。作名詞men的定語,應用形容詞successful修飾。
9.habits。形容詞certaln表示“某些”,其后接復數名詞。
10. away。keep away from意為“擺脫”。
B
1.anxiously。根據下面提到的“Are your dogs missing?”可知“焦急地”問我。
2.nervousness。介詞with后接名詞,故填名詞nervousness意為“緊張不安”。
3.are staying。根據語境可知現在正在家里,故用現在進行時。
4.an。根據句意及old-fashioned heart可知填an。
5.where。分析句子結構可知,這里是定語從句,且從句中缺少狀語,故填Where。
6.right。形容詞right“正確的”,作定語,修飾名詞thing。
7. down/alongo walk down/along the street意為“沿著大街走”。
8.But。根據前后句意可知,前后意思表達相反,應用轉折詞But。
【關鍵詞】英語寫作;詞匯錯誤;對策
【中圖分類號】G622.4【文獻標識碼】A
【文章編號】1007-4309(2010)12-0007-2
寫作能力是英語學習的四大技能之一,也是衡量學習者語言習得能力的重要標志。寫作有助于學習者檢驗英語句法結構和詞匯的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,不斷鞏固和內化相應的英語知識。而詞匯是語言的基本材料,在寫作中的作用十分重要。英國著名的語言學家Wilkins曾說過:“Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.”(沒有語法,表達甚微;沒有詞匯,表達為零)。由此可見,詞匯在英語寫作中占有重要地位。本文主要從拼寫、搭配、風格等方面分析非英語專業本科生寫作中常見的詞匯錯誤,并提出相應的對策,幫助英語學習者掌握詞匯運用的規律,提高英語寫作能力。
一、常見的錯誤分析
在國內,英語學習主要在課堂環境中有意識地進行,學習者寫作中的錯誤難以避免。我國非英語專業本科生的寫作水平相對較低,寫作中的語言錯誤主要表現在拼寫錯誤、詞性轉換、搭配不當、字面意義與內涵意義模糊不清以及語體風格混淆等方面。
(一)拼寫及大小寫錯誤
據調查,拼寫及大小寫錯誤占詞匯錯誤的35.65%,發生頻率很高。這主要是由于英語和漢語的差異較大,漢語屬于漢藏語系,是象形文字,而英語屬于印歐語系,是拼音文字。另外,英語學習者在寫作過程中,持想當然的態度,對于沒有把握的詞匯不去查閱字典確認,尤其是多音節詞匯,拼寫錯誤現象更是層出不窮。
拼寫錯誤分為語音變異型(phonological deviation)、形素變異型(graphemic deviation)及形態變異型(morphological deviation)三大類。如果錯誤項導致了語音上的變化,將其歸入語音變異型錯誤,如happily錯寫成happly;如果錯誤項并沒有改變目標項的語音,只是使用了不同形符來標記語音,則被歸入形素變異型錯誤,如benefit誤寫成benifit;由于詞形變化、構詞失誤引起的錯誤屬于形態變異型錯誤,如struck誤寫成striked。
同樣,大小寫錯誤也是學習者基本功的反映。如:China(中國)寫成china(瓷器),其意思發生改變。由此可見,拼寫錯誤和大小寫錯誤都會影響學習者的表達。隨著學習者學習層次和語言水平的提高,拼寫錯誤會逐漸減少。
(二)詞性錯誤
詞性錯誤是指詞性混淆,不能恰當運用不同詞性,常表現為:形容詞當動詞用,名詞當形容詞用,副詞當形容詞用,名詞當動詞用等。例如:
Foreign language is very importance.(名詞當形容詞用)
改為:Foreign language is very important.
再如:He is scare. (動詞當形容詞用)
改為:He is scared.
導致以上錯誤的原因是詞性變化與后綴有關,而英語中后綴變化比較復雜。有些后綴變化引起詞性變化,如:agriculture―agricultural。而有些則不引起詞性變化,如:scene―scenery。
(三)用詞不當或搭配不當
用詞不當是指在一定上下文中從語法角度看似正確但在語義上卻講不通的詞匯錯誤。而搭配不當是指不符合英語習以為常的搭配邏輯,常表現為動詞短語、介詞短語或形容詞短語等。
如:The murderer was regrettable for what he had done.
改為:The murderer was regretful for what he had done.
Regrettable與regretful同根異義,用法也不一樣。前者意為“令人遺憾的”,主語一般為事件;后者意為“后悔的”,主語為人。
再如:They tried to restrict him from drinking too much .
改為:They tried to restrain him from drinking too much .
例句中restrict和restrain是近義詞,但具體用法和搭配不同。Restrict常與to連用,意思是“限制、約束”;而restrain常與from搭配,意思是“阻止、遏制”。
(四)字面意義與內涵意義
字面意義(denotation)和內涵意義(connotation)作為詞的兩個方面,即詞的兩個不同組成部分,有著很大的區別。前者指詞的確切的、字面的意義(strict and literal meaning),后者指詞的隱含的、引申的意義(implied or suggested meaning)。如:This car is a real lemon. It has broken down four times。Lemon的字面意義是“檸檬”,而其內涵意義有“很爛,很差的”意思。因此這句話的意思是“這輛汽車很爛,已經壞了四次了”。又如,He was trying to tell me how to do my job,but I soon tell him where to get off。“get off”的字面意義為“滾開,離我遠兒點”,而這句話中它的意思是“哪里涼快哪呆著去”。
由于不同民族在地理、民俗、宗教及價值觀念等方面的差異,同一概念的詞,在各自獨特的文化傳統作用下必然會產生附加在詞匯本身概念之上的不同的內涵意義。因此,寫作過程中要想表意準確,就必須掌握一個詞承載的全部語言信息量,了解其字面意義及內涵意義。
(五)語體風格
語體風格是指不同的詞語適用于不同語體的風格而形成的風格色彩意義,如口語語體、書面語語體;小說語體、公文語體、散文語體等。一般來說,口語具有通俗、樸實、生動的風格;而書面語則具有文雅、莊重的語體風格,多用于正式場合、理論性強的文章等。
如:為了阻止全球變暖,政府應該制定法律制止亂砍濫伐。
To stop global warming,the government should make new laws to control the felling of trees. (口語化語體)
To curb global warming,it is imperative that our government promulgate new laws to govern the severe deforestation.(正式語體)
從上面的例子可以看出,stop,the government should…,make,control,the felling of trees為口語語體,屬非正式語言。而curb,it is imperative that…,promulgate,govern,deforestation為書面語語體,比較正式。
又如,散文詩語體:
From the hell to the heaven,
There's no straight way to walk.
Sometimes up,sometimes down.
Hope creates a heaven for us,
Despair makes a hell for us. (“Life is a journey”,Jack London)
公文語體:
Dear Mr. /Ms:
Mr. Jack Baron,our personnel director,has asked me to acknowledge your application for the post of accountant and to ask you to come to see him on Friday afternoon,5th July,at half past two. I will appreciate your letting me know whether you will be able to come.
Yours faithfully
可見,散文詩語言優美,感情強烈,想象力豐富,注重意境的塑造。而公文簡單明了,觀點嚴謹、鮮明,文字樸實、莊重,注重形式與格式的規范性。因此學生在寫作過程中要注意根據文章的語體風格要求,按照語體風格一致的原則選用適當的詞匯。
二、解決對策
(一)大量閱讀,擴大詞匯量,增強語言基本功
詞匯學習是英語學習的基本功。英語解構學習法認為詞匯是英語學習的第一階梯,沒有堅實的詞匯基礎,聽說讀寫譯都無從談起。在英語學習中,必須要注重詞匯的“輸入”,結合具體語境進行有效的記憶,克服想當然的態度,養成準確使用詞匯的習慣。通過大量閱讀,擴充詞匯量,擴大知識面,掌握基本詞匯的固定搭配、字面意義與內涵意義以及風格特征,增強語感,從而儲備大量的語言信息。
(二)逐步培養英語思維
由于不同的地理環境、歷史條件、生活方式、經濟制度、政治制度以及在此基礎上形成的不同文化習俗等因素,中西思維具有不同的特征。而這種思維方式的不同又決定著語言表達的差異。逐步培養英語思維,首先必須熟練掌握基本詞匯的固定搭配、字面意義與內涵意義以及風格特征,運用正確的語法規則、句型及慣用法。
由此可見,應樹立一種中西方思維方式差異觀,在學習過程中注重英語思維方式的習得,掌握英語語言思維潛在規律的方法并有意識地克服母語思維負遷移,逐漸養成用英語思維的習慣。
綜上所述,學習者應針對英語寫作中存在的詞匯問題,根據實際情況改進寫作方法,積極探索,靈活運用,從詞匯入手切實提高寫作水平。
【參考文獻】
[1]侯維瑞.英語語體[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1999.
[2]張在新.我國英語寫作教學中的主要問題[J].北京:外語教學與研究,1995(4).
[3]程曉棠,鄭敏著.英語學習策略[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2002.
[4]李紅.非英語專業學生寫作中的語言錯誤分析[D].大連海事大學,2003.
[5]羅朝秀.大學英語寫作問題分析及其對教學的啟示[J].廣東工業大學學報(社會科學版),2007(4).
一、 考查不定式作狀語
1. 不定式作目的狀語。
不定式作狀語主要作目的狀語,在句尾時跟句子之間不用逗號,還可以用in order to和so as to結構,通常后者不置于句首。如:
例1 ______ relieve your mother from anxiety, please write home as often as possible.
A. In order to B. So that C. So as to D. In order that
分析:選A。根據動詞原形relieve知道不是句子,排除連詞B和D,如果加上主語you則可以選。雖然意思都是“為了”,in order to 可用于句首和句中,但so as to 不能用于句首,排除C。句意是:盡量多給家里寫信,免得你母親牽腸掛肚。
例2(2011重慶卷)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _______ people’s concern over food safety.
A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised
分析:選A。“制作更多的電視節目”目的是為了“引起人們對食品安全的關心”,不定式表目的。C表示raise在be produced前發生,錯誤。
2. 不定式作結果狀語。
不定式作結果狀語表示出乎意料的結果,常與only連用。現在分詞表示合乎情理的結果。so / such... as to, too... to... , enough... to表結果。如:
She said that his age and position were such as to make a marriage impossible, which made him too upset to be absorbed in his work. 她說他的年齡和地位和她相差太遠,所以不可能結婚,這讓他心煩意亂,以至于不能專心工作。
例3 The students ran all the way up to the station, only ______ that the train had left 10 minutes before.
A. found B. finding C. to have found D. to find
分析:選D。根據ran all the way up to the station“一路跑到火車站”可以看出“火車10分鐘前就開走了”是沒有預料到的結果,用only to do結構,find發生在ran之后,排除C。
請比較:
(2008遼寧卷) He was busy writing a story, only _____ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped
分析:選B。此處并非是出乎意料的結果,表示與write伴隨的動作,不要誤選A。句意是“他正忙于寫故事,時不時地停下來抽支煙”。
3. 不定式在形容詞后作狀語。
在部分形容詞,尤其是表示感彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式作狀語,表原因。如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, sorry, afraid, surprised, smile及worthy等。例如:
例4 ―There is nothing worthy _____ in today’s newspaper.
―It must have disappointed you, I think.
A. reading B. to read C. being read D. to be read
分析:選D。worthy跟不定式作狀語,不定式與nothing是動賓關系,故選D。用C項需加上介詞of,意義相當于worth reading,注意worth后不跟不定式。
easy, difficult, light, heavy, comfortable, dangerous, expensive, fit, impossible等形容詞后接不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。如:
例5 (2011福建卷) The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable____________.
A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
分析:選D。根據comfortable確定其后跟不定式,其中作狀語的to是不可以省掉的,而且也要求用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。
二、 考查現在分詞和過去分詞作狀語
1. 現在分詞和過去分詞作狀語。
作狀語的分詞要求其邏輯主語與句子的主語保持一致。如句子主語是分詞動作的發出者,用現在分詞,若現在分詞的動作先于謂語完成,則用其完成形式;如句子主語是分詞動作的承受者,用過去分詞,也可能是現在分詞的被動形式。分詞在句中作狀語表示時間、原因、方式、伴隨、讓步、結果、條件等。如:
例1 Your father died when you were very young, _______ me with the full burden of bringing you up.
A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. being left
分析:選C。根據逗號排除A項,leave與主語your father是主動關系,用現在分詞表示合乎邏輯的結果。句意是:你爹死得太早,把撫養責任都放在我的肩頭。
例2 _____ into a foreign language, English is said to have given rise to a number of strange results.
A. Translating B. Having translated C. To translate D. Translated
分析:選D。translate與句子主語English是動賓關系,用被動形式。過去分詞作時間狀語,相當于When/After English was translated / had been translated... 。
2. 連詞+現在分詞/過去分詞。
“連詞+分詞”在句中作狀語,是狀語從句的省略形式,要求分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。表示時間、方式、讓步、條件等。如:
例3 Though ______, when he saw every household put up the couplets which were created by his hand, he felt so proud and satisfied.
A. tire B. tired C. tiring D. to tire
分析:選B。不要受從句的干擾,把從句部分when... hand去掉就會發現簡單多了。Though后沒有主語,tire與he是動賓關系,用過去分詞,相當于Though he was tired,... 。句意為:雖然很辛苦,但看著家家戶戶都貼著自己寫的春聯,他感到自豪和滿足。
三、 考查轉化為介詞、連詞、插入語的非謂語動詞
1. 作介詞和連詞的分詞
通常分詞的邏輯主語都應當與句子的實際主語保持一致,但是下列分詞的邏輯主語與句子的實際主語不一致,卻也正確,稱之為垂懸分詞。
(1)considering(鑒于), taking everything into consideration(account), including, according to, given(鑒于……), saving(除……之外), judging from等已經轉化為介詞。其中consider和judge也有跟主語保持一致的情況。如:
More than 300 soldiers and hundreds of police were sent to the disaster zone, according to the CCTV news and Xinhua. 據中央電視臺和新華社消息,目前,300多名士兵及上千名警察已被派往受災地區進行救援。
例1 ______ the peace and stability that the island needs for development, it’s not surprising that Taiwan leader Ma Yingjiu won re-election on 14th January, 2012.
A. Given B. Give C. To give D. Giving
分析:選A。根據句子無連詞排除B,從句意看出give已無“給”之意,根據句意看出表原因,用介詞given。故選A。句意是:鑒于臺灣發展所需要的和平與穩定,再次成功當選并不讓人感到驚訝。
比較:① If given more time, I could have done it better.
② Give me more time, and I could do it better.
③ Giving him more time, I’ll be scolded by the manager.
④ Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
(2) 作連詞的分詞providing/provided(that)... , supposing/suppose(that), given that引導條件狀語從句;seeing(that)(既然), considering(that)(考慮到)引導原因狀語從句。如:
例2 ______ he refused to help us, there’s no reason why we should now help him, isn’t there?
A. Seen that B. So that C. Seeing that D. To see
分析:選C。注意前后句的時態,拒絕幫助的理由是曾經被拒絕過,所以表示原因,so that和不定式都表示目的,seeing that可以引導原因狀語從句。故選C。句意是:他既然曾經拒絕幫助我們,我們現在沒有理由要來幫助他。
2. 作插入語的非謂語動詞
generally / frankly / honestly speaking, to be honest, to tell you the truth, to make things / matters worse(更糟糕的是), to be exact(確切地說),to begin with, to do him justice(說句對他公道的話), to be sure(真的), to be frank with you(老實對你說吧),to be short, to be exact(確切地說), to conclude(總而言之), to put it briefly(簡而言之), to put it in another way(換句話說), to make a long story short(長話短說), strange to say(說來也怪), needless to say(不必說)等。此類狀語也稱之為評注性狀語。
例3 As they were about to return, a storm hit the area and blocked their way home. ______ , something unexpected happened.
A. To make things worse B. Making things worse
C. Which made things worse D. It made things worse
分析:選A。本題的關鍵是不要誤以為不定式只可以作目的狀語而排除A項,要知道A項是一個固定短語。“一次風暴阻斷了他們的歸途”是不幸,“遇到了意想不到的困難”則是更為糟糕的事情,to make things worse是評注性狀語,意思是“更糟糕的是”。
四、 對獨立主格結構中的非謂語動詞的考查
獨立主格結構是“n. / pron.+ v.-ing / v.-ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phr.”構成的一種獨立于主句之外的結構,其中n./ pron.是后面的邏輯主語。句法上它不是句子,在句中作狀語,表時間、原因、條件、伴隨、方式或補充說明等。當用 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do形式時,要考慮與n./pron.之間的邏輯關系以確定是主動還是被動,根據時間先后確定是 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do。如:
例4 (2011浙江卷) Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
分析:根據題干的逗號確定是一個句子,排除謂語動詞B和C。句子是在陳述一個事實,不是將來的事情,排除不定式的D項。故選A。是“代詞+現在分詞”型的獨立主格結構,相當于some of which have a life span of around 20 years。
【牛刀小試】用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空。
1. ______ (judge) from the election, peaceful development of cross-Strait relations have developed from a concept to reality, ______(benefit) people from different backgrounds and ______ (recognize) by the public.
2. A moderate earthquake hit southwest China Thursday evening (June 9th, 2011), _____ (kill) one people and at least 336 people _____ (injure).
3. ______ (consider) to be the best student, he was awarded with “Three Good” Student yesterday. But in my opinion, _______ (tell) you the truth, he is not as good as _______ (expect).
4. _______ (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our mail unless we locked the dog up.
[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis
【摘 要】 廣告業被認為是一條通過耗盡人類智慧賺取錢財的科學之道。很明顯,廣告在今天的商業世界已發揮著舉足輕重的作用。廣告語言能否具有誘惑力和說服力已成為關注的焦點。因此對英語廣告語言系統、全面地研究,可以提高對廣告的理解,構想出成功的英語廣告。論文在簡短地對廣告,廣告語言,模糊性和模糊理論進行介紹之后,主要對以下兩種模糊實現形式進行分析。一、語義模糊。這一類廣告通過使用模糊限制詞、模糊數量詞、模糊動詞、修飾性形容詞以及符號和縮略語等具備模糊性的語言來突破日常行為的規范,使詞語在表達字面意義的同時又暗示其多重含義,形成詞語含義的未定性,激發了讀者的聯想和想象,吸引他們的注意并提起他們的興趣,從而對廣告本身的說服力起增強作用。二、修辭格(雙關、暗喻、委婉語)的使用,使廣告語言更具生動,引發讀者無限的想象和聯想。最后結論部分中,論文對主要概念和內容做出了總結,提出了全文的局限性。
【關鍵字】 廣告英語;模糊性;語義和修辭分析
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.
In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.
Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.
2. General ideas of advertising and its language
What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.
2.1 The definition and development of advertising
In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:
Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]
It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.
First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than inpiduals.
Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)
Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.
Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.
Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:
There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]
Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.
2.2 Features of advertising language
Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]
In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.
Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.
(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)
(2) Let the New York Times find you.
[關鍵詞]“自然現象法” “二分法” “數字法” a部 e部 i部 o部 l(u)部
一、巧記前綴
1.利用自然現象記前綴
1)空(aero-) 例如: areoplane , aerobat , aerobatic , aerobody
2)日(helio-) heliocentric , heliogram , helioscope
3) 月(lun-) lunar , Luna , luarian , lunary
4)星(astro-) astrophysics , astronaut , astrophere
5) 云(nepho-) nephrology , nephogram , nephometer , nephoscope
6) 雨(hyet-) hyetal , hyetogram ,hyetology , hyetometer
7) 水(hydr-) hydra , hydrability , hydrant ,hydrator
8) 土(geo-) geocentric , geopolitical , geobiology , geocenter
9) 生命(bio-) biophysics , bioactive , biobalonce , biobattery
10)生態(eco-) ecosystem , ecology , ecocide , ecoclimate
2.利用二分法巧記前綴
1)內(intro/intra/in-) income , introspect ,introvert , intraoffice ,intravenous
外(out/ex/a/extra-) outlaw , example, exceed , avoid , extraordinary
2)大(macro/mega/max-) macroanalysis , macroeconomics , megadose , maximize
小(micra/mini-) microanalysis , microeconomics , microscope , minimize
3)多(multi/poly-) multichannel , multicolor , polycentric , polyphony
少(單)(mono-) monocycle , monologue , monosyllable , monorail
4)好(bene-) benefactor , benefit , benediction , beneficent
壞(mal-) maladjustment , maladministration , maltreat
5)上(super/up-) superhigh , superman , upend , upland , upright
下(under/sub-) underdeveloped , underestimate , subconscious ,
6)同(homo-) homocentric , homonym , homosexual , homophone
異(hetero-) heterodox , heterosugar , heterotype ,heterosexual
7)共同(syn-) synchronism , syndicate , synonym , synecology
反對(anti-) anti-communist , antipathy , antartic , antonym
8)高(hyper-) hyperactive , hypercriticism , hyperinflation
低(hypo-) hypocrisy , hypotension , hypothesis , hypodermic
9) 整體(pan-) Pan-American , Pantheism , Pan-Hellenic , panacea
局部(quaxi-) quasi-contract , quasi-official , quasi-war ,
10)前(pro/pre-) proceed , proclaim , produce , predict , prejudice
后(post/step/with) postgraduate , postpone , stepfather , withdraw
3.利用數字巧記前綴
4)tri=three,threefold triangle , tricar , trichord
5)quadri/tetra=four quadrennial , quadresyllable , quadruped
6)penta,quinque=five pentachord , pentagon , pentarchy , quinquevalent,
7)sex/hexa=six sexennial , sexpartite(分成六部分的)
8)sept/hepta=seven septangle , septennial, septisyllable
9)octo/octa=eight octagon , October , octosyllable
10)ennea/nona=nine nonagon , ennaton(第九節) , enneagon
11)deca=ten decade , decagen , decalogue
12)hecto=hundred hectogram , hectometer, hectoliter
13)milli=thousand milligram(毫克) , millititer , millimeter
14)mega=million megabyte(字節) , megadeath , megawatt
二、巧記單詞后綴
1. a部后綴
1)― able(形,表易做……、能力、適合……的) available ,desirable ,changeable
2)― ade(名,表動作過程、狀態、結果) blockade ,cannonade ,escapade
3)― age(名,表集體、地位結果) marriage ,passage ,shortage , usage
4)― al(形,有……的性質) brutal ,mortal ,punctual ,federal
5)― al(名,把動詞變成抽象名詞) approval ,arrival ,betrayal ,survival
6)― ain(名,表人) captain ,chaplain ,villain
7)― ant(名,表人) servant ,assistant ,emigrant
8)― aire(名,表人) millionaire , billionaire
9)― an/ian/ean(名,表人) American ,German ,European
10)― ance/ancy(名,表行為、過程、性質狀態) appearance , attendance
11)― ar(名,人物) beggar ,burglar ,liar ,scholar
12)― ard/art (名,人物) coward ,drunkard ,steward ,braggart
13)― ary (名,從事……的人) functionary ,secretary ,missionary ,
14)― ate (名,人物) advocate ,candidate ,delegate ,pirate
15)― ate (形,具有……的性質、有……味道) accurate ,affectionate
a部人物多表示貧窮、低下、游走不定等,含有貶意色彩,例如: beggarburglarcowardservant等,但含有i的后綴例外,例如:millionaire billionaire;a部動詞轉化名詞的后綴,表動作的方向、方式、過程、狀態、結果等,例如:marriageapprovalarrivalattendance;a部形容詞表能力,具有……;a部副詞表方向、方式。
2.e部后綴
1)― ee (名,承受者) employee , examinee , devotee , trainee
2) ― eer(名,動作發出者) engineer , pioneer , engineer , volunteer
3) ― er(名,形、動) baker , customer , leader , gardener , wander
4) ― en(名,表人物) citizen , warden , heathen
5) ― en(形,同……有關) brazen , earthen , golden , wooden
6) ― en(動,使……) darken , fasten , sharpen , redden , threaten
7) ― ent(名,形) president , student , resident , oppoent , fluent
8) ― herd(名,表人) cowherd , shepherd
9) ― ese(名、形, 表人物) Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese ,Congolese
10) ― ess(名,表女性) actress , hostess , empres,eagless , lioness
11) ― ster(名,表人) gamester , gangster , trickster , minister
12) ― eur(名,表人) amateur, litterateur, restauranteur, farceur
13) ― ier(名,表人) financier , premier , cashier , soldier
14) ― ety(名,表狀態、性質) variety , propriety , sobriety
15) ― ery(名,表職業、場所) bakery , gallery , cookery , fishery
16) ― ence(名,表性質、狀態) difference , excellence , absence
17) ― ency(名,表性質、狀態) persistency , efficiency , fluency
18) ― el(名,表小) model , cupel , damsel , parcel
19) ― en(名,表小) chicken , maiden ,kitten , children , oxen
20) ― et(名,表小) islet , cabinet , circlet ,lionet
21) ― ette(名,表小、模仿) cigarette, novelette,gazette , kitchenette
22) ― ed(形,具有、充滿) aged , landed ,colored, beared,cultured
e部人物所從事的職業明確(一般表世俗,普通的職業)如:baker, warden ,cowherd restauranteur ;ster ,herd等結尾的名詞含有貶意色彩,例如:gangster ;ier等結尾的名詞含有褒意的色彩,例如premier financier等。
3.i部
1)― ia(名,表人事物) hysteria , militia , Australia , regalia ,insomnia
2)― iac (形、名,表有……特性的、有……病的) cardiac , insomniac
3)― ial (形、名,表有關……、有……性質) aerial , cordial ,facial
4) ― ian (形、名,表人物) Christian , Egyptian , Italian , musician
5) ― ible (形,可……的、能……的) edible , terrible , divisible ,horrible
6) ― ic (形、名,表與……有關的,……的) academic , atomic ,physic
7) ― ics (名,表學術) aerobatics , classics , ethics , physics
8) ― ical (形,表有關、……性的) chemical , musical , physical , surgical
9) ― ice (抽象名詞) avarice , justice , service , cowardice
10) ― id (形、名,有……性質的) acid , placid , rapid , solid , timid
11) ― ie (名,表小) birdie , bookie , cutie , auntie , doggie
12) ― ier (名,表專做某種工作的人) cashier , clothier , premier , soldier
13) ― ile (形,易……的,可……的) extensile , fertile , fragile , hostile
14) ― ine (形,名詞后綴) divine , riverine , doctrine , medicine , routine
15) ― ing (形,名詞) learning , teaching , sleeping , interesting
16) ― ion (名,表過程、狀態、結果) addition , civilization , protection
17) ― ior (形,表比較級) inferior , junior , senior , superior
18) ― ious (形,充滿……的) delicious , precious , religious , glorious
19) ― ise (名、動) treatise , practise
20) ― ish (形,如……的、似……的) bookish , childish , feverish , selfish
21) ― ism(名,表學說、主義、特性) communism , heroism , optimism
22) ― ist (名,表專業、專門人) pianist , geologist , tourist , moralist
23) ― ite (名,居民、后代、成員) Israelite , laborite , Darwinite
24) ― ium (名,表元素、地點等) aluminum , barium , magnesium
25) ― ive (形,名) captive , native , operative , exclusive , exhaustive
26) ― itude(名,表性質、狀態) altitude , apitude , fortitude , multitude
27) ― ity (名, 性質、狀態、程序) fixity , futurity , hospitality , hilarity
28) ― ize (動,使成……狀態、使……化) civilize , dramatize , generalize
29) ― in (名,表小) elfin , violin
30) ― ship (名,表身份、關系) friendship , hardship , leadership
i部后綴、多與科技、醫學、學說、主義等有關,比較專業化。
4.O 部
1)― o(名,表人事物) tornado , credo , stereo , studio
2) ― ock (名,表小) bullock , hillock , paddlock
3) ― on (名,表人物) champion , companion , matron , patron
4) ― oon (名,表增大或增強) cartoon , lampoon , balloon , saloon
5) ― or (名,表人物) ambassador, governor, inspector, professor
6) ― ory (名,表地方) dormitory , factory, laboratory, territory
7) ― ory (形,帶有……的性質) compulsory , contradictory, preparatory
8) ― ose (形,多……的、有……的) verbose , fructose, bellicose
9) ― our (抽象或集體名詞) favour , humour, odour, savour
10) ― ous (形,充滿……的) envious , furious, industrious , perilous
11) ― proof (形,防……的) airproof , bombproof , fireproof , rainproof
12) ― dom (名,地位、職位、領域、性質、集團) freedom , wisdom
13) ― hood (名,性質、狀態、階級、身份) boyhood , childhood , likelihood
14) ― mony (名,ment的變形) ceremony , harmony , matrimony
15) ― fold (名,倍數) manifold , twofold , tenfold
16)― most (形,表最高級) almost , foremost , utmost , foremost
17) ― long (副,表方向) headlong , sidelong
18) ― some (形,有……傾向、易……的) darksome , gladsome , lonesome
o部的職業、多受人尊敬,例如: ambassor , governor , professor , inspector;o部形容詞一般表有某種受好傾向。
5.l(u)部
1)cle (名,小個體、個別) article , icicle , particle
2)el/le (名,小) model , vessel , bottle
3)le.(動,表反復) chuckle , sparkle , startcle
4)let (名,小) booklet , bullet , cutlet
5)ling(名,小) darling , duckling , seedling
6)ule(名,小) corpuscle , globule , granule
7)ful.(形,充滿) dreadful , fruitful , regretful
8)less(形,沒有) aimless , groundless , helpless
9)ly(形,副)costly , friendly , absolutely
l部多表小,有無,有關等。
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