北京英文導(dǎo)游詞
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北京英文導(dǎo)游詞范文第1篇
TheGreatWall
TheGreatWall,likethePyramidsofEgypt,theTajMahal(1)inIndiaandtheHangingGardenofBabylon(2),isoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.StartingoutintheeastonthebanksoftheYaluRiverinLiaoningProvince,theWallstretcheswestwardsfor12,700kilometerstoJiayuguanintheGobidesert,thusknownastheTenThousandLiWallinChina.TheWallclimbsupanddown,twistsandturnsalongtheridgesoftheYanshanandYinshanMountainChainsthroughfiveprovinces-Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,andGansu--andtwoautonomousregions--NingxiaandInnerMongolia,bindingthenorthernChinatogether.
HistoricalrecordstracetheconstructionoftheoriginoftheWalltodefensivefortificationbacktotheyear656B.C.duringthereignofKingChengoftheStatesofChu.ItsconstructioncontinuedthroughouttheWarringStatesperiodinthefifthCenturyB.C.whenducalstatesYan,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerefrequentlyplunderedbythenomadicpeopleslivingnorthoftheYinshanandYanshanmountainranges.Walls,then,werebuiltseparatelybytheseducalstatestowardoffsuchharassments.Laterin221B.C.,whenQinconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedChina,EmperorQinshihuangorderedtheconnectionoftheseindividualwallsandfurtherextensionstoformthebasisofthepresentgreatwall.Asamatteroffact,aseparateouterwallwasconstructednorthoftheYinshanrangeintheHanDynasty(206BC--1644BC.),whichwenttoruinthroughyearsofneglect.Inthemanyinterveningcenturies,succeedingdynastiesrebuiltpartsoftheWall.ThemostextensivereinforcementsandrenovationswerecarriedoutintheMingDynasty(1368--1644)whenaltogether18lengthystretcheswerereinforcedwithbricksandrocks.itismostlytheMingDynastyWallthatvisitorsseetoday.TheGreatWallisdividedintotwosections,theeastandwest,withShanxiProvinceasthedividingline.Thewestpartisarammedearthconstruction,about5.3metershighonaverage.Intheeasternpart,thecoreoftheWallisrammedearthaswell,buttheoutershellisreinforcedwithbricksandrocks.ThemostimposingandbestpreservedsectionsoftheGreatWallareatBadalingandMutianyu,notfarfromBeijingandbothareopentovisitors.TheWallofthosesectionsis7.8metershighand6.5meterswideatitsbase,narrowingto5.8metersontheramparts,wideenoughforfivehorsestogallopabreast.Thereareramparts,embrasures,peep-holesandaperturesforarchersonthetop,besidesgutterswithgargoylestodrainrain-waterofftheparapetwalk.Two-storiedwatch-towersarebuiltatapproximately400-metersinternals.Thetopstoriesofthewatch-towerweredesignedforobservingenemymovements,whilethefirstwasusedforstoringgrain,fodder,militaryequipmentandgunpowderaswellasforquarteringgarrisonsoldiers.Thehighestwatch-toweratBadalingstandingonahill-top,isreachedonlyafterasteepclimb,like"climbingaladdertoheaven".Theviewfromthetopisrewarding,hoverer.TheWallfollowsthecontourofmountainsthatriseonebehindtheotheruntiltheyfinallyfadeandmergewithdistanthaze.Asignalsystemformerlyexistedthatservedtocommunicatemilitaryinformationtothedynasticcapital.ThisconsistedofbeacontowersontheWallitselfandonmountaintopswithinsightoftheWall.Attheapproachofenemytroops,smokesignalsgavethealarmfromthebeacontowersinthedaytimeandbonfiredidthisatnight.
Emergencysignalscouldberelayedtothecapitalfromdistantplaceswithinafewhourlongbeforetheinventionofanythinglikemoderncommunications.Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.
Notes:1.theTajMahalinIndia印度的泰姬陵2.theHangingGardenofBabylon巴比倫的空中花園3.Sanskrit梵語4.Uigur維吾爾語
Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.
Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)
JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.
北京英文導(dǎo)游詞范文第2篇
hello,everyone,
wearenowgoingtopayavisittoaplaceofspecialinterest.thisscenicspotislocatedatthecenterofbeijingandischaracterizedbythousandsofpalatialarchitecturesandpurplewallsaswellasyellowglazedtileroofs-itissimplyaseaofpalaces.thisistheworld–famouswonder–thepalacemuseum.
thepalacemuseumhasservedastheroyalresidenceduringthemingandqingdynasties.itwasherethatatotalof24monarchsascendedthethroneandwieldedpowerforsome500years.thepalacemuseum,asthemostbeautifulspotofinterestthroughoutbeijing,isuniqueforitslocation:tothenorthwestisbeihai(northsea)park,famousforitswhitepagodaandripplinglake;tothewestisthezhongnahai(centralandsouthsea);totheeastliesthethewangfujingshoppingstreet;andtothenorthidjinshanpark.standinginthewanchun(everlastingspring)pavilionatthetopofjingshan(charcoalhill)park,youoverlooktheskylineofthepalacemuseum.atthesouthernendofthepalaceistian`anmen(gateofheavenlypeace)andthefamoussquarenamedafterit.thisisthesymbolofthepeople`srepublicofchina.
aworld-famoushistoricalsite,thepalacemuseumisontheworldheritagelistofunescoandisanembodimentoforientalcivilization.
thepalacemuseumisrectangularinshape,960meterslongfromnorthtosouthand750meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringaspaceof720,000squaremetersofwhich150,000isbuildingarea.ithas9000-strongroomsinit.accordingtolegendthereare9999.5room-unitsinall.thewholecompoundisenclosedbya10-meter-hignwallandisaccessedthroughfourentrances,namely,themeridiangateinthesouth,thegateofmilitaryprowessinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateintheeastandxihua(westernflowery)gateinthewest.oneachcornerthereisaturretconsistedof9roofbeams,18pillarsand72ridge.encirclingthecompoundthereisa3,800-meter-longand52meter-widemoat,makingthepalacemuseumaself-defensivecity-within-acity.
thepalacemuseumwasmadeacenterofruleduringthemingdynastybyzhundi,thefourthsonofthefoundingemperorzhuyuanzhang.thewholecomplexstraddlesonan8-kilometers-longcentralaxisthatstretchesfromyongding(foreverstable)gateinthesouthtogulou(drumtower)inthenorth.prominencewasgiventotheroyalpowerbyputtingthe“threemainfronthalls”and“threebackhalls”ontheaxiswhilearrangeothersubsidiarystructurearoundthem.theconstructionofthepalacemuseuminvolvedmanpowerandresourcesacrosschina.forexample,thebrickslaidinthehalls,knownas“goldbrick,”underwentcomplex,two–dozenprocesses.asthefinaltouch,thefiredbricksweredippedinchinesewoodoil.involvingcomplicatedprocessesandhighcost,thesebrickarecalled“goldenbricks.”thepalacemuseumservesasalivingembodimentofgoodtraditionandstylesuniquetochina`sancientarchitecture.itreflectstothefulltheingenuityandcreativityofthechineseworkingpeople.acarefullypreservedandcompletegroupofroyalresidences,thepalacemuseumisaprominenthistoricalandtouristsite.
whatwearenowapproachingisthemainentrancetothepalacemuseum-themeridiangate,whichischaracterizedbyredwalls,yellowglazed–tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthiswalls,yellowglazed-tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthismagnificentbuilding,therestandfiveloftyhallswithamainhallinthecenter.themainhallisroofedbymultipleeavesandcoversaspaceof9room-units.itisflankedbytwowingsoneachside.thewingsaresquareinshape,completewithmultipleandfouredgedeavesandpinnacles.allofthesestructuresareconnectedbyacolonnade.becausethesehallsresembleasoaringbird,itwasalsoknowaswufenglou(five-phoenixtower).insidethemainhallthereisathrone.drumsandbellswerestoredinthewings.whenevertheemperorpresidedovergrandceremoniesorobservedritesinthehallofupremeharmony,drums,bellsandgongswouldbestrucktomarktheoccasion.
asthelegendgoes,themeridiangateusedtobeaplacewherecondemnedrankingofficialswouldbeexecuted.thisnottrue.however,floggingwascarriedoutherebythemingemperors,ifacourtierfallsafouloftheemperor,hewouldbestrippedofhiscourtdressandfloggingwithastick.atonepointthepunishmentbecamesoharshthatatotalof11peoplediedfromfatalwoundonasingleoccasion.ontheotherhand,thisbuildingwasalsousedtoobserveimportantoccasionslikethetraditionalchineselanternfestival(15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth).ontheseoccasions,chineselanternswouldbehangedandsumptuousbanquetswouldbegiveninhonourofthewholecourtofministersandotherrankingofficials.
uponenteringthemeridiangatewebeganourtourofthepalacemuseum.theriverfoowinginfrontofusisknownasjinshuihe(goldenwaterriver)andthefivemarblesbridgesspanningitareknownastheinnergoldenwaterbridges.theoninthemiddlewasusedexclusivebytheemperoranditsbanisterswerecarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thebridgesflankingtheimperialonewerereservedforprincesandotherroyalmembers.therestwereusedbypalatines.asidefromdecoration,thegoldenwaterriverwasalsodugasprecautionagainstfire.mostofthestructureswithinthepalacemuseumaremadeofwood.whatismore,accordingtoancientchinesecosmology,thesouthistheabodeoffire,sothisbrookwasdugonthesoutherntipofthepalace.inthisway,thepalacemuseumreflectstraditionalchineseculture.
thisbuildingiscalledthegateofsupremeharmony.intheforegroundstandtwobronzelions.cananybodytellwhichismaleandwhichisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale,representingprosperitytheendlesssuccession.alayoutofthepalacemuseumispostedbytheentrance.fromit,youcanseethatthepalacemuseumhastwomainparts:theforecourtandtheinnercourt.thethreemainhallsconstitutethemainstayoftheforecourt,anditwasherethattheemperorannounceddecisionsandobservedrites.behindtheforecourtthereistheinnercourt,consistingofmajorhallsandtheimperialgarden.itwaswheretheemperorattendedstateaffairs,livedandenjoyedhisluxuriouslife.theexhibitionsystemofthepalacemuseuminvolveshistoricalcourtrelicsandarticlesofancientartandculture.thepalacemuseumhousesnearlyonemillionarticlesofraretreasure,oronesixthofthetotalnumberinallofchina`smuseums.therearethethreemainhallsofthepalacemuseum,builtonatriplemarbleterrace.sincemostofchina`sarchitectureismadeofwood,thebuildingscannotbetootall.togaintheheightofthearchitecture,ingeniousancientartisansbuiltthehallonagiganticstoneterrace.itisalsotothisendthatnotasingleplantwasgrowninthesquare.onstairwaysoftriplemarbleterracethereare18bronzetripods.theverandahisflankedbybronzetortoisesandcranes,whichservedassymbolsoflongevity.ontheeastisasundial,anancienttimepiece.onthewestthereisagrainmeasuresuggestingthattheemperorwasjustandequitable.
inthefrontandoneachflank,thereisapairofgiltbronzevats(caldrons)moldedduringthereignofemperorqianlongoftheqingdynasty.eachoftheseweights2tonsandisfilledwithwaterasaprecautionintheeventofafire.thestructureintheverymiddleisthehallofsupremeharmony,alsoknownasthethronehall.itis64metersinwidthandis38metersfromentrancetorear.withterraceexclusive,thehallis26.92metersinheightandis35.03metersinall.coveringandareaof2,377squaremeters,thehallofsupremeharmonyischina`slargestexitingwoodenstructure.thehallissupportedby6thick,roundpillarscarvedinadesignofcoilingdragons.astheholiestplaceinthehall,theceilingandcoloredpatternsweremadeofthefinestmaterialavailableatthattime.thethronewasplacedonaterraceandisflankedbystatuesofelephants,luduan(aunicornwhichcouldtravel18,000kilometersadayandunderstandalllanguages),cranesandincensebarrels.overthethronethereisthecaisson,orcoveredceiling,whichconsistsofacoilingdragonplayingwithaballinitsmouth.thisballisknownasxuanyuanmirror,andwassupposedlymadebyachineseemperorofremotetimestoserveasareminderthattheerulerstofollowwerehishereditaryheirs.thethroneismadeofnanmuandpaintedingold.magnificentlybuiltandluxuriouslydecorated,thishalldidnotserveasaplaceinwhichtheemperorattendedtodailyaffairs.heusedhishallformajoreventssuchashisbirthday,conferraloftitleofempressordispatchofgeneralstowar.
behindthehallofsupremeharmony,theresitsthehallofcompleteharmony.thisstructureissquareinshape.eachsideis24.15meters.thiswastheplacewheretheemperorrelaxedandgreetedhiscourtiersbeforeproceedingtothehallofsupremeharmonytoobserverites.thiswasalsotheplacewheretheemperorpreparedprayersorexaminedseedsandsowersbeforeheattendedancestralsacrificesorparticipatedinsnowingceremonies.agrandceremonywasalsoheldhereonceevery10yearsfortheemperortogenealogizetheroyalblood.therearetwosedanchairsondisplayinthehall.behindthehallofcompleteharmony,youwillseethehallofpreservingharmony,whichwasusedasaplacewhereimperialexaminationswereheld.theimperialexaminationwasthehignestlevelofcompetingformeritoriousappointmentunderthefeudalsystemdatingbacktothesuidynasty.china`slastimperialexaminationwasheldin1904duringthereignofemperorguangxuoftheqingdynasty.totherearofhallthereisamarblerampcarvedwithcloudanddragondesigns,thelargestofitskindinthewholecountry.itis16.57metersinlength,3.07metersinwidth,1.7metersthickandweighs250tons.itwasquarriedinfangshancountyinsuburbanbeijing.tobringthisgiantpieceofstonetobeijingpeoplepouredwaterontotheroadandappliedrollingblocksduringtheprocess.
wearenowstandingbeforethesquareofthehallofheavenpurity.itservedasadivideseparatingtheforecourtfromtheinnercourt.thisbuildingisknownasthegateofheavenlypurity.emperorqianlongheldcourthere.proceedingfurthernorth,youcanfindthreemainrearhalls,i.e.thehallofheavenlypurity.thehallofunionandpeaceandpalaceofearthlytranquility.thehallofheavenlypurityifflankedoneithersidebytwogatesnamedafterthesunandmoon.insidetheenclosurethereare12palacesandhallssymbolizingconstellations.alloftheotherbuildingsarecenteredaroundthepalaceofheavenlypurity,whichwasmeanttosuggestthatthemonarch`spowerwasendowedbyheaven.theempressandconcubineslivedintheinnercourt.
thehallofheavenlypuritywaswheretheemperorlivedandattendedtodailyaffairs.latertheemperormovedtoliveinthepalaceofmentalcultivation.lookingupyoucanseeaplaquebearingthechineseinscription“beopenandabove-board,”amanifestotocourtstruggle.behindtheplaqueastrongboxwasstoredcontainingawillbearingthenameofthewould–beroyalsuccessor.thisapproachofsecretlyselectingthenextemperorwasadoptedbyemperoryongzhengoftheqingdynasty.twocopiesofthewillwereprepared.onewasstashedbytheemperorinperson,theotherwasplacedinsidethestrongboxbehindtheplaque.afterthedeathoftheemperor,thetwocopieswouldbecomparedandsuccessorwouldbeannounced.itwasinthiswaythatemperorqianglongandothershaveascendedthethrone.
behindthehallofheavenlypurityyouwillseethehallofunionandpeace,whichisindenticaltothehallofcompleteharmony.itwastherethattheemperorreceivedcongratulationsandtributesfromimperialofficialsonmajorcalenderoccasions,atotalof25imperialsealsarestoredthere.inthehall,youwillseeaplaquewiththehandwritteninscriptionof“wewei,”exhortingtaoistdoctrines.
furthernorthwardisthepalaceofearthlytranquillity,whichonceservedasthelivingroomoftheempresses`.thehallwaslaterconvertedintoasacrificialplace.throughthewindowpanesontheeasternwallyoucanseetheroyalbeddecoratedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thishallhasalsoservedasthebridalchamberofmonarchs.
北京英文導(dǎo)游詞范文第3篇
it"s a very important point that connects huaihua hunan and tongren guizhou together.and it"s the hometown of mr shengcongwen.
fenghuang has wonderful natural landscapes,it"s very hot for travelling since the old time. even a lot of teleplays were produced here.fenghuang is also a dradle for famous people ,shencongwen and xiongxiling are both spent their childhood here.
now, let"s set out to enjoy these fantastic good views. THE FORMER RESIDENCE OF SHENCONGWEN
This is the former residence of shencongwen,a very famous auther, archaeologist and historian in china.
lined in the zhongying street in the south part of the fenghuang old town, the residence is a typical spacious ancient countryard with special tectonic style of ming and qing dynasty. walk into the yard, you can find that there is a small patio in the center of the countryard. which is built with red rock. around the patio , there are about 10 rooms which are small but decorated by special carved wooden windows .it"s so beautiful.
this countryard is built by mr shen"s grandfather in 1866 on dec.28,1902. shencongwen was born in the old countyard.and spent his childhood here. in 1917,when he was 15 years old, mr shen left family and joined the army. from 1917 to 1922, mr shen had lived with soildiers, farmers, workers and some other
common people,and know their tragic lives. this special experience stunned up his enthusiasm of writhing . so in 1919, mr shen went to beijing alone, and began his hard writing . after his series of works WEST OF HUNAN &FRINGE TOWN were punished, mr shen became nation -wide well -known.at that time, he was even
as famous as luxun, another famous auther in chiese literature area. it"s said that shencongwen is the one who is the most possible to win the prize.
mr shen devoted all his life to writing,his 5-million word works are though as the precious legacy to the world literature.meanwhile, these works are also very
veluable date for researching the history of hunan province and even china.
北京長城英文導(dǎo)游詞 ·岳陽樓英文導(dǎo)游辭 ·重慶英文導(dǎo)游詞 ·英文導(dǎo)游詞
北京英文導(dǎo)游詞范文第4篇
中西方文化的差異以及各方面的原因，導(dǎo)游員在英文導(dǎo)游解說過程中可能失誤，提高導(dǎo)游英語解說能力成為旅游教育工作者所重視并研究的頭等大事。
[關(guān)鍵詞]英文導(dǎo)游解說詞；中西方差異； 規(guī)范化
中圖分類號：H059 文獻標(biāo)識碼：A 文章編號：1009-914X（2016）05-0381-02
隨著入境和出境游的發(fā)展，我國的導(dǎo)游翻譯從業(yè)人數(shù)不斷增加，導(dǎo)游翻譯的服務(wù)質(zhì)量也不斷提高，但還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滿足不了游客深層次了解中國文化的需求。特別在一些內(nèi)陸地區(qū)大多數(shù)導(dǎo)游員的英文解說水平有限，英文導(dǎo)游解說的不到位將直接影響中國旅游業(yè)的國際化發(fā)展，所以說規(guī)范英文導(dǎo)游詞起著至關(guān)重要的作用。
一、英文導(dǎo)游解說詞存在的主要問題
1、思維方式的差異
不同的民族在各的文化熏陶下衍生出不同的思維方式，這種差異使他們在語言上產(chǎn)生不同的聯(lián)想。例如：Tourist：So you didn’t know that sudden change of itinerary beforehand， did you？Guide：Yes，I didn’t.Tourist：You didn’t mean that you knew it in advance， did you？Guide：Yes，sir.這是涉外導(dǎo)游受漢語語言思維的影響而誤用“yes”的案例。對話背景是外賓對于突然改變了行程而向?qū)в卧儐枺瑢嶋H上導(dǎo)游也是臨時得知而非事先所知。確實不知情的導(dǎo)游本來應(yīng)該回答“No， I didn’t”（是的，我不知情）。回答漢語的反義疑問句時，“是的”表達的是對整個疑問句的肯定，無論這一反義疑問句是以肯定的形式還是以否定的形式來表示。英文“yes”的作用卻不同，它只是對動詞的本意部分加以肯定。
2、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的差異
風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣會對人們的思想行為產(chǎn)生影響，各民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣都有特定的表現(xiàn)形式，且差別很大。例如：Guide：Welcome to Beijing！ You are old. I am afraid you must have had a tiring trip. Tourists： We are not tired. We can go up to the Great Wall now. 對話背景是導(dǎo)游去機場接外賓。按中國人的習(xí)慣，通常就會說“一路辛苦了”， 這樣的問候?qū)τ谥袊藖碚f是表示對對方的關(guān)懷和尊重。但是對西方人來說，結(jié)果恰恰相反，對方會覺得受到傷害，覺得自己在別人的眼中好像“身體很虛弱”，所以對外賓恰當(dāng)?shù)膯柡蛘Z應(yīng)該說：“How was the trip？” 或“Did you have a pleasant trip？”（這次旅行如何？一路愉快嗎？）或“Welcome！ I have been looking forward to your coming.” （歡迎！我一直在盼望您的到來。）
3、社交方式的差異
中西方不同的生活習(xí)俗使人們有著不同的生活與社交方式，甚至漢英在簡短招呼語上存在的文化差異也會造成學(xué)生無意識地出現(xiàn)語用失誤。在中國稱呼對方老張、老教授、老同志、老人家、老革命、老干部等，是表示尊敬。可是在西方old意味著風(fēng)燭殘年、沒有用。因此西方人忌諱“老”，不愿讓人覺得老了，不肯依賴和接受別人的幫助和同情。我們常常把日常社交英語中不問對方的收入、體重、年齡、宗教和婚姻狀態(tài)，不問對方“你去哪兒？您吃了嗎？”
4、文化背景的差異
在跨國文化交際中如果不了解對方國家的文化背景，就會出現(xiàn)失誤。例如：Customer：I have a weakness for Chinese food！ Waiter ： Weakness？ Is there anything wrong with Chinese food？ 對話背景在餐廳，外賓贊揚中國菜，但是顯然服務(wù)員把“weakness”的意義單純理解成為“弱點、缺陷”，覺得外賓對中餐有偏見。通常在說到食物、藝術(shù)、服飾等涉及喜好的問題時，“weakness”表示“special and excessive fondness for something”，所以外賓所說的是贊揚中餐美味的意思。這是將英語里的多義詞與中文進行對等選擇時，意義范圍對等錯位造成的。實際上服務(wù)員應(yīng)該回答：I am so glad to hear that. I really hope you can enjoy your diner here！
三、規(guī)范英文導(dǎo)游解說詞的措施
1、加強英語本身語言學(xué)習(xí)
1.1 意義語境和引申
導(dǎo)游詞的翻譯實質(zhì)上就是兩種語言的轉(zhuǎn)換，中文可以說是世界上最復(fù)雜的語言之一，復(fù)雜之一便在于意義語境。語境是各種各樣的，所以中文的詞義也是千變?nèi)f化的。同樣一個詞在不同的上下文中有不同的含義，這就需要英文導(dǎo)游員在對導(dǎo)游詞翻譯的過程別加以注意。我們看下面的例子：
襄樊的古城池始建于漢代；周長7公里。
譯文：The ancient city wall in Xiangfan， with a perimeter of 7km， was first built in the Han Dynasty （206 B.C. ～ 220A.D.）.
襄樊在戰(zhàn)國時為楚國的重要城池。
譯文：During the Warring States Period （475-221B.C.）， Xiangfan was an important city of the State of Chu （907 ～ 951A.D.）.
雖然以上兩個句子當(dāng)中都有“城池”，但“此城池非彼城池”，意義不一致，故導(dǎo)游員在翻譯時也需要區(qū)別對待，做不同的處理（英文下劃線部分）。
此外，英文導(dǎo)游員在解說過程中會遇到某些連在詞典上都難以找到適當(dāng)對應(yīng)詞義的單詞，這時絕不能生搬硬套，否則會使譯文晦澀難懂，不能確切地表達原意，甚至?xí)斐烧`解。這時英文導(dǎo)游員需根據(jù)上下文，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進一步加以引申，選擇較恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯來表達，比如：
在衡陽地質(zhì)公園里，奇峰三千，拔地而起。
譯文：Hengyang geopark boasts no less than 3，000 vivid-looking peaks shooting out from the ground.
在此例當(dāng)中，導(dǎo)游員面對“拔地而起”這個中文詞語，完全可以依照其原
本含義引申開來，這樣處理起來就不難了。
1.2 主語省略和增添
一般來說，英文中省略主語是有特殊限制的，如祈使句和感嘆句，大多情況是一定要有主語的。比較而言，中文在主語省略這點上要自由得多。所以，碰到這類省略主語的中文句子，在譯成英文時，要特別注意主語的確定，也就是要增添句子的主語。我們看看下面的例子：
如果站在恒山腳下朝上仰望，懸空寺就仿佛懸在空中似的。
譯文：Examined from the foot of Hengshan Mount， Xuankong Temple seems to be
suspending in midair.
此句如果是以Examining開頭，那么還是要以人為主語；但導(dǎo)游員在處理時，顯然用Examined更符合英文的行文習(xí)慣。
1.3 語態(tài)被動和主動
在英語中我們常常會碰到被動句，被動語態(tài)的使用范圍很廣，凡是遇到不想說出主動者、沒有必要說出主動者或為了便于上下文連接的時候，都可以用被動句。相比之下，中文被動句不如英文里的那么多見，使用范圍也狹窄得多。中文的被動句一般是不得已的，只是少量使用。導(dǎo)游員在翻譯導(dǎo)游詞的時候，不要受到中文主動句的嚴(yán)格束縛，有時可有意識地運用被動語態(tài)。例如：
這個地區(qū)風(fēng)景如畫、氣候溫和、四季分明、物產(chǎn)豐富。
This picture-like region is blessed with a moderate climate of distinctive seasons and rich produce.
此例如果不用被動語態(tài)進行處理，則很難將它翻譯得很“英語化”。培養(yǎng)熟練使用英語被動語態(tài)的意識，可以使導(dǎo)游員充分減低翻譯時的決策風(fēng)險。
1.4 英文句子的形合
在中譯英時，要揣摩句子間的內(nèi)在意義關(guān)系，不要因為已習(xí)慣于中文的并列結(jié)構(gòu)而在英語中也過多地用連詞，這樣句子單薄而平淡無味。我們應(yīng)注重英語形合的特點，在理解透中文的意思后，再選擇適當(dāng)?shù)男魏戏绞絹斫M織句子，這樣譯文才會既準(zhǔn)確又生動。關(guān)鍵是理解透原文的意思，再用另一種語言并通過符合這種語言習(xí)慣的方式表達出來，要注重意義而不能拘泥于形式。例：
壺口瀑布高20多米，寬20-30米，流量1000 m3/s，滾滾而下如天河傾瀉。
譯文：The Hukou Cataract is over 20 meters high and 20-30 meters wide. With a flow of 1000 m3/s， huge amounts of water seem like pouring from the sky.
此句導(dǎo)游詞的翻譯，充分考慮了中文原句的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，在理解原文意思的基礎(chǔ)上處理好了其內(nèi)在意義關(guān)系，翻譯后取得了較好的形合效果。
1.5 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)合并
中英文句子構(gòu)成方法不同，中文是意合的，有很多并列的、無關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接的分句；英語句則是形合的，一般比中文句要長。因而中譯英時，如果想讓英文流暢自然，我們需將意合的中文句進行結(jié)構(gòu)合并處理。如：
北京地處華北平原的西北端，北枕燕山，西依太行，東近渤海，南面平川。
譯文：Beijing sits on the northern edge of the North China Plain， with Mount Yanshan to its north， the Taihang Mountains to the west， the Bohai Bay to the east and vast plains to the south.
可以看出，中文為了變化的需要，用了四個動詞“枕”、“依”、“近”、“面”，而英語中由于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用了介詞短語，使文字言簡意賅，收到事半功倍的效果，符合英語文字的簡練原則。
2、教、學(xué)、做合一
當(dāng)學(xué)生有了一定的語言技能（聽說讀寫），并且初步掌握了系統(tǒng)的中西方文化差異后，采用課堂中教、學(xué)、做合一的教學(xué)法，創(chuàng)造語言環(huán)境，營造以學(xué)生為中心的課堂交際情景。語言學(xué)家Little Wood說過：“課堂中的交際越真實越頻繁，自然環(huán)境和課堂環(huán)境學(xué)習(xí)的界限就越模糊。”教師應(yīng)讓課堂成為學(xué)生語言實踐的場所，在課堂內(nèi)加入大量的以學(xué)生為主導(dǎo)的口語訓(xùn)練活動，如situational conversation， pair work，role play，group discussion，debating等多種形式。將語言知識的學(xué)習(xí)融于語言使用的活動中，使語言能力和語用能力的發(fā)展緊密結(jié)合起來。教師還可以創(chuàng)造模擬場景，使學(xué)生身臨其境，掌握打電話、看病、購物、用餐、乘車、送行、接機、旅行、入住酒店、結(jié)賬等語言功能。這種情景教學(xué)不僅能使學(xué)生對所學(xué)內(nèi)容記憶深刻，而且一旦在生活中碰到類似語境，學(xué)生能從容應(yīng)對。
參考文獻
[1] 王得杏. 跨文化交際的語用問題[J].外語教學(xué)與研究，1990.
[2] 陳剛. 旅游翻譯與涉外導(dǎo)游[J].2004年第1版
北京英文導(dǎo)游詞范文第5篇
關(guān)鍵詞: 旅游英語 翻譯 跨文化意識
旅游是現(xiàn)代的第三產(chǎn)業(yè),被譽為當(dāng)代的“無煙工業(yè)”,同時又是一種非常典型的跨文化交際行為。所謂跨文化交際意識,其實是一種翻譯觀、一種態(tài)度,是有效實現(xiàn)跨文化交際的前提。隨著我國旅游事業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展和世博的推進,越來越多的外國人來到中國觀光旅游。有鑒于此,我們不但應(yīng)了解全球的文化,更應(yīng)該讓中國文化走向世界。因此,在旅游英語的翻譯過程中,跨文化意識顯得尤為重要。
1.景點和歷史人物名字翻譯的跨文化意識
這類專有名詞的具體譯法包括意譯、直譯、音譯、意譯加音譯、直譯加音譯、意譯加直譯等幾種。然而,什么情況下采用什么譯法就需要譯者具備敏銳的跨文化意識。例如,“煉丹湖”,有的地方直接翻譯成Liandan Lake,就無法把這個景點的含義有效地傳遞給不同文化背景的外國人;若翻譯成Immortality-pill-making Lake則偏重了對文化內(nèi)涵的理解,在最大程度上確保了譯文與原文的最大近似值。關(guān)于“西湖十景”之一的“斷橋殘雪”先后出現(xiàn)過很多譯名:Snow on the Broken Bridge(斷橋之雪),Melted Snow on the Broken Bridge(斷橋上融化了的雪)等。顯然,這些譯名都沒有把“殘”字表達出來。相比之下,選盡可能與意境靠近的形容詞會好很多,即Remnant Snow on the Broken Bridge和Lingering Snow on the Broken Bridge。同時,可以用外國人熟知的人名去比擬,利用跨文化意識傳遞原文信息。例如,把美女西施比作西方人心目中的Cleopatra,譯為“Chinese Cleopatra”,將梁山伯與祝英臺比作莎士比亞筆下的Romeo與Juliet,濟公譯作Chinese Robin Hood。通過這些翻譯,外國游客便能心領(lǐng)神會了。
2.詩詞翻譯的跨文化意識
中國文化和西方文化之間存在著諸多“隔”與“不隔”的問題。翻譯中國古詩詞給講英語的旅游者聽,是否能使所譯的詩詞產(chǎn)生美感,產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)場效果,關(guān)鍵問題在于譯作是否產(chǎn)生了文化隔閡,致使旅游者難以“知之”,更談不上“好之”和“樂之”了。例如,宋朝詩人楊萬里的《曉出凈慈寺送林子方》:
畢竟西湖六月中,
風(fēng)光不與四時同。
接天蓮葉無窮碧,
映日荷花別樣紅。
翻譯這首詩時需要特別指出的有兩點:首先,詩中的“六月”指的是夏歷六月,不能直接譯成“June”或者“sixth month”;其次,詩開頭的兩字“畢竟”主要是為了借助它強調(diào)“風(fēng)光不與四時同”的特定地點與時間。所以,為了使外國游客更好地理解這首詩,作如下翻譯較為恰當(dāng):
After all it’s the West Lake in summer hot,
Displaying scenes no other seasons have got:
Green lotus leaves stretch so far to the ruddy horizon,
Bathed in sunshine are exceptionally pink lotus blossoms.
再例如,有人在翻譯坡的“欲把西湖比西子,淡妝濃抹總相宜”時,先后把“西子”譯成“the fair lady(at her best)”和“Beauty of the West”,并加注:Beauty of the West指“Xi Shi(fl.482B.C.),a beautiful lady born near West Lake”。通過必要的鋪墊和比喻,在很大程度上能化“隔”為“不隔”。
3.餐飲翻譯的跨文化意識
中華美食享譽全球,川、魯、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系各有千秋。隨著中國旅游業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,餐飲作為旅游業(yè)的重要一部分也面臨著國際化和走向世界的問題。向國際友人推廣介紹中國餐飲,讓他們了解中國菜所蘊含的豐富的中國文化底蘊,也是跨文化交際的一部分。因此,跨文化意識在餐飲的翻譯中也是必不可少的。而菜名的翻譯方法非常靈活,同一道菜可以采用不同的方法進行翻譯。菜肴的翻譯重點是真實地譯出菜的內(nèi)容,讓外國游客了解吃的是什么,本道菜是如何烹制出來的。這樣的話,顧客便不至于看到菜單還一頭霧水。
(1)以本道菜所用的主要原料開頭
主料+(with)輔料
例如:宮保雞丁Chicken Cubes with Chili Pepper and Peanuts
桂花童子雞Spring Chicken with Osmanthus
主料+(with,in)味汁
例如:糖醋排骨Pork Chops with Sweet and Sour Flavor
貴妃雞Chicken Wings and Legs with Brown Sauce
(2)以本道菜的烹飪方法開頭
烹飪方法+主料
例如:火腩扣大蝦Steamed Dried Prawn
紅燜肘子Braised Pork Joint
烹飪方法+主料+(with)輔料
例如:京蔥羊肉Steamed Sliced Mutton with Beijing Scallion
扒鮑魚菜心Grilled Abalone with Fresh Vegetable
(3)以形狀或者口感開頭
形狀(口感)+主料+(with)輔料
例如:酥香鵪鶉Crisp Quail with Sesame
血豆蝦片Sliced Shrimps with Snow Peas
形狀(口感)+主料+(with)味汁
例如:鹽烤荷葉鴨Salt Baked Duck in Lotus Leaf
黃酒脆皮蝦仁Crisp Shrimps with Rice Wine Sauce
(4)以本道菜的創(chuàng)始人或者發(fā)源地開頭
創(chuàng)始人(發(fā)源地)+(烹飪方法)+主料
例如:麻婆豆腐Mapo Bean Curd
東坡肘子Dongpo Pork Joint
由此可見,恰當(dāng)?shù)胤g菜名對外國游客了解中國餐飲文化大有裨益。
4.導(dǎo)游詞翻譯中的跨文化意識
導(dǎo)游詞在旅游活動中占有很大的比重,導(dǎo)游詞的翻譯得當(dāng)與否,直接關(guān)系到旅游這一跨文化交際行為的效度、深度和廣度。而導(dǎo)游詞翻譯又具有相當(dāng)大的靈活性、可能性和可行性。如“女兒紅”(Daughter’s Wine)、“狀元紅”(Scholar’s Wine)。參觀動物園,可以主動結(jié)合“狐假虎威”、“老虎屁股摸不得”(比較not to beard the lion)、“貓哭耗子假慈悲”(比較“鱷魚的眼淚”)等成語故事進行講解。再如:作為中國常見的植物,“雨后春筍”被漢文化的大眾普遍理解的“欣欣向榮、大片出現(xiàn)”的象征,而英國環(huán)境中缺乏“竹筍”這一實物,因此如果照實翻譯成babmoo shoots after spring rain,難以讓外國游客產(chǎn)生同等感受。所以可以翻譯成“雨后蘑菇”(mushroom after spring rain),因為“雨后蘑菇”是國外常見的現(xiàn)象,能夠使他們領(lǐng)會到源語的含義。中國人都熟悉的“狗不理包子”如果翻譯成“Steamed Dumpling”,就不能滿足部分想了解中國文化的外籍人士的需求,所以后來就有人把它翻譯成“Dog Won’t Leave”,意為狗離不開包子,自然就顧不上理會他的主人了。
5.結(jié)語
我們的時代是全球化時代,跨文化交際已成為這個時代的一個突出特征。不同文化之間的時空關(guān)系也逐漸被打破。旅游資料起著一個很好的對外宣傳作用。但旅游資料的翻譯中廣泛存在著文化差異問題。為了達到既忠實原文,又能增加外國游客興趣的雙重目的,就需要翻譯者合理地運用跨文化意識對其進行有效翻譯,從而彌補不同文化之間的差異。
參考文獻:
[1]陳剛.旅游翻譯與涉外導(dǎo)游[M].中國翻譯,2002.
[2]賈玉新.跨文化交際學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997.
[3]金惠康.跨文化旅游翻譯[M].北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2004.
