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      英語教學Literal Translation And Free Translataion

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      Howtouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper?

      [INTRODUCTION]

      Peopleoftendiscussliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Welaystressonhowtohandletwodifferentkindsoflanguage.Andwhichwayoftranslationisbettertousetotranslationasentence.Especially,targetlanguagemustexpresswhatsourcelanguagemeams,distortionisnotallowed.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwomainformsoftranslation.Theyarenotrepulsive,contrarily,theyarecomplementary.Translationliterally,ifpossible,orappealtofreetranslation.Literaltranslationretainsoriginalskill.Soitisgetonfororiginal.Whenliteraltranslation,encountersomeobstades,peopleoftenusefreetranslation.

      Freetranslationexpressesgeneralideaoftheoriginal,andcanbeacceptedbyreaders.Agoodtranslationcompositioncontainsliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.

      [CONTENT]

      1.Whatistheconceptionofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?

      2.Howtouseliteraltranslationproperly?

      2.1Translateliterally,ifpossible.

      2.2Literaltranslation≠word-for-wordtranslation.

      2.3Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally.

      3.Howtousefreetranslationproperly?

      3.1Ifithassometroubletounderstandasentenceinusingliteraltranslation,usefreetranslation.

      3.2Donnotaddpersonalenmotiontotheoriginalworks.

      3.3Freetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.

      [CONCLUTION]

      Ifuseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper,youwillsuccessintranslatingacomposition.

      [KEYWORDS]

      Literaltranslation/Freetranslation/Sourcelanguage/Targer

      language/Word-for-word/Original

      1.Whatistheconceptionofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?

      Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwobasicskillsoftranslation.Literaltranslationreferstotranslateasentenceoriginally,keeptheoriginalmessageform,includingconstructionofsentence,meaningoftheoriginalwords,metaphoroftheoriginalandsoon.Translationwouldbefluentandeasytocomprehendbytargetlanguagereaders.

      Freetranslationrefersto,accordingtothemeaningoftheoriginal,withoutpayingattentiontothedetailsandtranslationwouldalsobefluentandnatural.Freetranslationneednotpayattentiontotheformoftheoriginal,includingconstructionoftheoriginalsentences,meaningoftheoriginalworks,matapheroftheoriginalandsoon.Butfreetranslationdoesnotmeantodeleteoraddcontenttotheoriginalandtranslatorsmustconsidertheoriginalcarefully,knowitsstress,translateitnatually,expressthemeaningoftheoriginal.Freetranslationisaskillwhichtranslatorsmustknowthecultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,andmusthaveextensiveknowledge.

      Whentranslating,shouldnotuseliteraltranslationcompletelyorusefreetranslationcompletely.Accordingtothepassagewhichyouaretranslating,youshoulduseliteraltranslationfrequentlyandusefreetranslationwhenneccessary.

      Butwhatkindoftranslationisliteraltranslation?Andwhatkindoftranslationisfreetranslation?

      Forexample:①

      1)Don''''tlockthestabledoorafterthehourseshasbeenstolen.

      Literaltranslation:不要等馬被盜后,才去鎖楖門.

      Freetranslation:不要賊走關門.

      2)Smashingamirrorisnowaytomakeanuglypersonbeautiful,noritisawaytomakesocialproblemevaporate.

      Literaltranslation:砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會問題煙消云散.

      Freetranslation:砸鏡子并不能解決實際問題.

      Formtheexample1),freetranslationisbetterthanliteraltranslation.Fromtheexample2),literaltranslationisbetterthanfreetranslation.Buthowtouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?Thereisasentence:"Translateliterally,ifpossible,orappealtofreetranslation."

      2.Howtouseliteraltranslationproperly?

      2.1Translateliterally,ifpossible.

      Whytranslate,ifpossible?Whatistheadvantageofliteraltranslation?

      Generally,rhetoricisoftenusedinapassagetomakethepassagelively.Literaltranslationretainstherhetoricoftheoriginal,soitislivelyastheoriginal.Butfreetranslationonlyexpressesthegeneralideaoforiginal,livelyrhetoricoftheoriginaldisappeared.Sogenerallyspeaking,literaltranslationisagoodchoiceintranslation.

      Forexample:②

      3)FormafatherknowandIknowthatifyouonlydigenoughapasturecanbemadefree.

      Literaltranslation:因為我父親知道,我也知道,只要挖到一定程度,早晚可以在這里辟出個牧場的.

      Freetranslation:因為我父親知道,我也知道,功到自然成.

      4)ForKinoandJuanathiswasthemeaningofmorningoftheirlives,comparableonlytothedaywhenthebabyhadbeenborn.

      Literaltranslation:在Kino和Juana看來,這是他們一生中最了不起的早晨,只有寶寶出生的那一天,才可以與之媲美.

      Freetranslation:Kino和Juana以為,這一天非常重要.

      Freetranslationofexamples3)and4),onlyexpressthegeneralideaoftheoriginalsentences.Itistoosimple.Metaphoranddiscribtionoftheoriginalsentenceshavadissappeared.Afterfreetranslation,itwasinferioranddull.Soitisundesirable.Buttheliteraltranslationofexample3)and4)isclearerthanthefreetranslation.Actually,literaltranslationisthechiefwayoftranslation.Itisclosetotheoriginal,livelyandnatural.Itisacceptable.Acceptablenessisveryimportantintranslation.Fromtheoryoftranslationangle,translationisatheroywhichusestargetlanguagetoexpresstheidea,contentandstyleofsourcelanguage.Itshouldaccordwiththecultureandcustomsofthetargetlanguage.Translationnotonlydoesexpresstheideaandstyleoftheoriginalmessage,butalsoneedtoaccordwiththecultureandcustomsofthetargetlanguage,sothatthetranslationcaneasybeacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Becausethedifferencesoftwolanguages,sometimesitisdifficulttoretaintheideaandstyleofthesourcelanguage.Theadvantageofliteraltranslationisthatalmostlyretaintheideaandstyleoftheoriginal.Somostoftranslatorsliketouseliteraltranslation.

      Fromallabove,thatisthereasonof"translateliterally,ifpossible."

      2.2Literaltranslation≠word-for-wordtranslation.

      Atfirst,whichkindoftranslationisword-for-wordtranslation?Word-for-wordtranslationisthat:Whentranslating,considereverywords.Everywordsofsourcelanguageistranslatedcooridnatly.

      Forexample:③

      5)Itwasanoldandraggedmoon.

      Word-for-wordtranslation:那是一個又老又破的月亮.

      6)Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.

      Word-for-wordtranslation:他的許多思想對當代青年特別有趣.

      Fromtheexample5)and6),weknowword-for-wordtranslationdoesnotdoanychangestosourcelanguage.Theformisclosetotheoriginal,butitdoesnotexpressthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.Strictlyspeaking,itisnottranslation.Nevertheless,sometranslationwhichdidsomechangetosourcelanguageandthestructureoftargetlanguageisalsothesameassourcelanguage,thetranslationissmooth,butthemeaningandthestylearefarfromtheoriginal,usually,targetlanguagereadersdidnotknowwhatitsaid.Thisisalsoword-for-wordtranslation.

      Forexample:④

      7)Everyatomofyourfleshisasdeartomeasmyown:inpainandsicknessitwouldstillbedear.

      Word-for-wordtranslation:你的肉中的每一個原子,對我來說,都像我自己一樣親;即使在病痛中,仍然是親的.

      8)Beingateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybegintobreathe.

      Word-for-wordtranslation:當一名教師意味著是創造的見證人,他目睹人體開始呼吸,開始了生命.

      Translationof7)and8)aresmooth.ButtheydonotaccordwiththeexpressivewayofChinese.Itisword-for-wordtranslation.

      Fromallabove,word-for-wordtranslationissostarchy,goesaftertheformofsourcelanguagethatitneverthinkoftheeffectoftargetlanguage.Becauseword-for-wordtranslationdoesnotaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage,itisobscure,hardtounderstanditevenmakestargetlanguagereadersdidnotknowwhatdoestranslatorwanttoexpress.Word-for-wordtranslationmakestargetlanguagereadersconfused.Itisunqualifiedtranslation.

      Literaltranslationalsokeepsthegeneralformofsourcelanguage,andkeepsthestructureandthemetaphoroftheoriginal.Butliteraltranslationdoesmakesomeneccessaryadjustment,maketargetlanguagesmooth,cleanandacceptable.Afterreading,targetlanguagereaderscanhavealmostthesamefeelingasthesourcelanguagereaders.Butword-for-wordtranslationonlytranslatewordbyword,itisstiffandunitelligible.Qualityofliteraltranslationisgood.Word-for-wordtranslationisinferior.Literaltranslationandword-for-wordtranslationcangivedifferentfeelingtotargetlanguagereaders.Alltranslationwhichishardtoaccept,whichhavebadeffect,whichmessageisindistinct,whichmeaningisfarfromtheoriginalisword-for-wordtranslation.Thiskindoftranslationisabortive.

      Sometranslationthoughthatalltranslationkeepstheformoftheoriginalisliteraltranslation.Thatiserroneous.Theyconfusetheconceptionofliteraltranslationwithword-for-wordtranslation.Thesetranslatorstranslatelikethis:first,theylookupthemeaningofeverywordofsourcelanguageindictionary.Then,theycombinethemeaningofeveryword,neverdoanychange.Theydonotknowwhattranslationis,soword-for-wordtranslationemerge.Butexcellenttranslatorsknowthemeaningoftheoriginal.Whentranslating,theydosomeneccessaryadjustment,maketargetlanguageclearer,smoothandacceptable.Theyknowthedifferencebetweenword-for-wordtranslationandliteraltranslation.Theycanuseliteraltranslationproperly,itisaskilloftranslation.

      Allinall.literaltranslationisnotword-for-wordtranslation.Literaltranslationisacceptableandnimble.

      2.3Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally.

      Somesourcelanguagesentencesareverydifficulttotranslateliterally.Itonlythoughofthemeaningofsurface,translateitliterally,theresultisunintelligibleandindistinct.Somesentencesdonotaccordwithexpressivewayintargetlanguage.Differentcountryhasdifferentculture,differentlanguage,differentcustomanddifferentwaytoexpressthesamemeaning,differentlanguagehasdifferentwayaboutmetaphors,andhasdifferentidioms.InChina,peopleusuallyusesomeidiomstodescribeaneventoraperson.Sodoinabroad.ButChineseidiomsareunintelligibleinwesterncountries.Inthesesuituations,iftranslateliterally,usually,itwouldhavebadeffectandbeunacceptable.Whentargetlanguagereadersread,theycouldnotknowtheexactmeaningofsourcelanguage.Becausethemessagewhichtargetlanguageexpresswasvague.

      Therearetwoexamples:⑤

      9)Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdusin.

      Literaltranslation:我們的兒子一定得進學校,他一定得打破這個把我們關在里面的罐子.

      Freetranslation:我們的兒子一定要上學,一定要出人頭地.

      10)Theirlegsmoredalittlejerkily,likewell-madewoodendolls,andtheycarriedpillarsofblankfearaboutthem.

      Literaltranslation:他的腿輕輕痙攣地移動著,像做得很好的木偶一樣,他們隨身攜帶著黑色的恐怖柱子.

      Freetranslation:他們每向前邁一步,腿就抖動一下,好似精制的木偶一樣,他們身上帶著一股陰沉的殺氣.

      Fromthetwoexamples,literaltranslationisunintelligibleevenabsurd.Butafterhadtranslateditfreely,translationbecamecleaner,smooth,acceptableandaccordwiththecultureoftargetlanguage.

      Butinwhichsuituationtranslatorsshouldnottranslateliterally?Howtouseliteraltranslationcorrectly?

      Anysourcelanguagewhichdoesnotaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguageshouldnotuseliteraltranslation.Forexample:Inexample9),"Breakoutthepotthatholeusin",itisanEnglishidiom,itmeansdosomethingsuccessful.ButhowtotranslateitintoChines?ThereisalsoanidiominChina.Italmosthasthesamemeaningas"Breakoutofthepotthatholdusin".Itis"出人頭地".Sowhentranslatingthatsentencetranslatorsshouldnotuseliteraltranslation,translatorsshouldusefreetranslation.

      Andhowtouseliteraltranslationcorrectly?First,knowsourcelanguageandtargetlanguagecultureasmuchaspossibleandtranslatorsshouldhaveextensiveknowledgewiththeproblemswhichtheoriginalwroteortalkabout,translatorsshouldbeconversant.Weoftenhaveexperiencelikethat:Becauselakeofsomeknowledgethatsomebodytalkingabout,evenafterothersexplained,westilldidnotknoworunderstand.Sobeforetranslatorstranslatingsomematerials,especiallysomeproffessionalmaterialstranslatorsmustgraspsomeknowledgeaboutthematerials.Forexample,iftranslatesomematerialsabouteconomy,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeabouteconomy;iftranslatesomematerialaboutnews,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeaboutnews;iftranslatesomeprofessionalmaterials,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeaboutthatproffession,orbeanexportofthatproffession.Iftranslatorwasamanwhodidnotknowsomethingaboutthematerialwhichhewantedtotranslate,histranslationwouldbeunqualified.Second,comprehendsourcelanguagemessagecorrectlyandthoroughly.Itisveryimportant.Translatorsshouldnotonlyknowthesurfacemeaningoftheoriginalandtranslatorsshouldreadthroughthesurface,knowwhatdoestheoriginalwanttoexpress.Ifatranslatordoesonlyknowsurfacemeaningoftheoriginalandtranslateitliterally,histranslationwouldbecorrespondingly.Aftertargetlanguagereaderreadhistranslation,theywouldbeconfuseandhavedifferentfeelingbetweentheoriginalandthetranslationorevenhaveerroneouscomprehension.

      Translationisdifferentfromreading.Whenwereading,itnomatterhowmuchweunderstandorcanbeunderstandorhaveerroneouscomprehension.Becauselevelofthereadersislimited.Readingisonlyafeelingofhimself.Buttranslationaffectsothers.Insteadoftheoriginalauthor,translationisamanretellsourcelanguagemassagetotargetlanguage.Sotranslatorsshouldcomprehenedthesourcelanguagemessagedeeplyandthoroughly,thenretellthemeaningofthesourcelanguagecorrectlyandclosetothesourcelanguagemessage.Ifatranslatorcomprehenedthesourcelanguagejustalittlenmbiguiously,translationwouldbedifferentfromthesourcelanguagemessage.Therefore,comprehensionisveryimportant.Iftranslatorshadfalsecomprehensiontothesourcelanguagemessage,histranslationcouldbefarfromtheoriginal.Thiswillleadhistranslationtobeunqualified.

      Atlast,enhanceacceptabilityoftranslation.Fromaboveweknowthattranslationshouldaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage,sothatitcanbeeasilyacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Actually,itisnotdifficulttoretainthestyleoftheoriginal.Butitisdifficulttotranslatetheoriginalaccordwithtargetlanguageexpressiveway.Atranslatorwhohasabandantexperiencecansurmountobstaclebetweentwolanguage.Anexcellenttranslatormusthavedonehisbesteffortonhistranslation.Thisistranslators''''duty.Anexcellenttranslatorhaspractisedalotonhowtohandletheproblemsintranslation.Excellenttranslationareacceptable.

      Fromallabove,literaltranslationisabasicskilloftranslation.Itkeepstheformofsourcelanguage,includingconstructionofsentences,mataphor.Sometimesitshoulddosomeneccessarychangetotheoriginal,makethetranslationaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage.Somakethetranslationacceptable.Atranslationwhichtranslatedliterallyisclosetotheoriginal.Butliteraltranslationisnotomnipotent.Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally,prehenedsourcelanguagemessagecorrectlyandthoroughly,enhanceacceptabilityoftranslation.Iftranslatorswanttouseliteraltranslationproperlyandskillfully,theymustcomprehenedallabove,andhavesomepractice.Afterall,practiseisthemostimportantaspectintranslation.

      3.Howtousefreetranslationproperly?

      3.1Ifitwassometroubletounderstandasentenceinusingliteraltranslation,usefreetranslation.

      Inwhichsuituationthetranslatorscannotuseliteraltranslation?Whensomesentencesthatthewayofexpressivebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagearedifferent,shouldnotuseliteraltranslation.Ifuseliteraltranslation,targetlanguagereaderswouldhavesometroubletounderstand,thenmakethetranslationunacceptable.Inthesesuituation,freetranslationshouldinuse.Freetranslationexpressesthegeneralideaoftheoriginalaccordingtothemeaningoftheoriginal,anddoesnotpayattentiontothedetails.Buttranslationshouldbefluentandnatural.

      Therearetwoexamples:⑥

      11)IgavemyyouthtotheseaandIcamehomeandgaveher(mywife)myoldage.

      Literaltranslation:我把青春獻給海洋,我回家的時候便把老年給了我的妻子.

      Freetranslation:我把青春獻給海洋,等我回到家里見到妻子的時候,已經是白發蒼蒼了.

      12)MaybeKinohascutoffhisownheadanddestroyedhimself.

      Literaltranslation:也許Kino會割掉自己的腦袋,把自己毀了.

      Freetranslation:也許Kino走了絕路,自己毀了自己.

      Fromtheexample12),theoriginal"cutoffhishead"meanshavedonesomethingbadly,feltintopredicament.Ifatranslatortranslatedtheoriginalliterally,histranslatingwouldmaketargetlanguagereadersconfused,afterreading,targetlanguagereaderswouldfeelunacceptable.Sotranslatorsshouldusefreetranslationintheexample11)and12).Becausefreetranslationcantelltheturemeaningtotargetlanguagereaders.

      Somesentences,iftranslateliterallyarealsofluentandnaturalthatitseemsthesesentencesshouldtranslateliterally.Buttranslatedthesesentencesliterallycouldnotexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoriginal.Ifweusefreetranslation,effectwouldbebetterthanliteraltranslation.Freetranslationcouldexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoriginalsentences.

      Forexample:⑦

      13)Castpearlsbeforeswine.

      Literaltranslation:把珍珠扔到豬面前.

      Freetranslation:對牛彈琴.

      14)Barbarawasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.

      Literaltranslation:Barbara嘴里叼著銀調羹出生的.

      Freetranslation:Barbara出生最富貴人家.

      Example13)and14)aremetaphor,havedeepmoral.Iftranslatedliterally,translationsarefluentandnatural,butitcouldnotexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoroginal,itisunadvisable.

      Thereisanothersuituationwhichshouldusefreetranslation:asentensethatuseidioms.

      Forexample:⑧

      15)Somethingunexpectedmayhappenangtime.

      Freetranslation:天有不測風云.

      Literaltranslation:一些沒有預料到的事會隨時發生.

      InEnglish,thissentenceisverycommon.ButiftranslateditliterallyintoChinese,itdidnotaccordwiththehabitofexpressive.Onthecontrarary,itwouldbeunitelligibleandwouldnotachivetheeffectoftheoriginal.Itwouldmaketargetlanguagereadersinappreciatable.Butintheexample15),freetranslationusedaChineseidioms,afterreadingtargetlanguagereaderswouldcomprehenedandhavenicefeeling.Sofreetranslationisagoodchoicewhenliteraltranslationcouldnotbeused.

      3.2Donnotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.

      Translationisabrigebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Taskoftranslationistoexpressthemeaningandmanifestationofthesourcelanguagemessagebytargetlanguage.Thetranslationshouldgivetargetlanguagereadersalmostthesamefeelingassourcelanguagereaders.Iftargetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereadershadalmostthesamefeelingafterreadingthetranslation,itwassuccessful.Iftargetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereadershaddifferentfeelingafterreadingthetranslation,itshowedthetranslationwasunqualified.Fromtheangleoftranslation,actually,thefeelingofreaderscanjudgeatranslation.Sothefeelingofreadersisthestandardoftranslation

      Toughfreetranslationgivessomeleewaystotranslators.Translatorsshouldcomprehenedtheoriginalthoroughly,andusetheleewayscorrectly.Sometranslatorsusuallyusetheleewaysincorrectly.Theyoftenaddtheirpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Sotranslationwassubjunctiveanddifferentastheoriginal.Itwasunqualifiedtranslation.Becauseiftranslatorsaddedtheirpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworksthatthemeaningoftheoriginalmessagehadbeenchangedbytranslators.Afterreading,targetlanguagereadersmighthavedifferentfeelingbetweentranslationandtheoriginal.Thosetranslationswhichaddedtranslator''''sownemotionwerenotaccordingwiththestandardoftranslation.Translationshouldavoidtoaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.

      3.3Freetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.

      Freetranslationgivestranslatorssomeleeways.Translatorsshouldusethencorrectly.Notonlyshouldtranslatorscomprehenedthemeaningoftheoriginalmessage,butalsotheyshouldbeprovidedwithextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Especially,onliteratureworks,translatorsshouldbeprovidedwithliteraturetraining,andtheyalsoshouldknowextensiveliteratureknowledge.Atranslatorwhowantedtotranslatealiteraturecompositionshoulddohisefforttoaccumulatesomethingabouthistory,geography,custom,naturalstyleandfeatures,tranditionalcultureandsoonabouttheliteraturecomposition.Inadditional,translatorsshouldknowthebackgroundofageandtheauthor,styleoftheanthor.Moreextensiveknowledgethetranslatorshave,morethoroughlyhecancomprehendthemeaningoftheoriginal.

      Freetranslationisaskillintranslation.Translatorsshouldfirstcomprehendtheoriginalthoroughly,thentranslateitcorrectlybytargetlanguage,andacceptablelycomprehendtheoriginalthoroughlyisonthebasisofextensiveknowledgeandexcellentliteraturetraining.Somesuccessfultranslators,whentheyweretranslatingtheydidtheresearchontheoriginalauthoratthesametime.Aftertranslating,theybecameonexperttotheauthorandhiscomposition.Thisspiritisworthlytostudy.

      Let''''sseesomeexamples:⑨

      16)Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetsgoing.

      Freetranslation:滄海橫流方顯英雄本色.

      Thewords"going"and"tough"havedifferentmeaning.ThetranslatorusedasentenceinaChinesepoemtotranslatethissentence.

      17)Faultsarethickwhereloveisthin.

      Freetranslation:一朝情義淡,樣樣不順眼.

      18)Youcanfoolallthepeoplesomeofthetimeandsomeofthepeopleallthetime,butyoucannotfoolallthepeopleallthetime.

      Freetranslation:騙人一夕一事易,欺眾一生一世難.

      19)OutoftheFULLNESSoftheheartthemouthspeaks.

      Freetranslation:盈于心則溢于言.

      Theexampleaboveareallfreetranslation.Translatorstranslatedthemnotonlysmoothlyandfluently,butalsoacceptableandaccordinglywithChineseculture.Inaddition,translatorsshouldknowextensiveidiomsaboutbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Differentcountrieshavedifferentidioms.Sointranslation,someidiomsareunabletotranslateliterally.Translatorsshouldchangetheoriginalformintoanotherformwhichiseasytobeacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Thereby,conveythepurposeoftheoriginalwantedtoexpress

      Forexample:⑩

      20)WheninRome,doastheRomesdo.

      Freetranslation:入鄉隨俗.

      21)Acatonhotbricks.

      Freetranslation:熱鍋上的螞蟻.

      22)Toexpectone''''ssontobecomeanoutstandingpersonage.

      Freetranslation:望子成龍.

      23)Thedogthatwillfeechabonewillcarryabone.

      Freetranslation:以你說別人壞話的人,也會說你的壞話.

      Freetranslationdoesnotstrachytheformoftheoriginal.Iftranslatorswanttousefreetranslationproficiently.You''''dbettergraspextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.

      CONCLUTION:

      Ifusingliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper,youwillsucceedintranslatingacomposition.Themostimportantintranslationisthewayinwhichhowtodearwiththecomplexproblemsofequivalencebetweenthesourceandtargetarticles.Butcompleteidentityofmessageisimportant,evenuseliteraltranslationonthedesignativelevelofimformativefunctiononecanonlyaimattheclosetapprorimotionandingeneralitisposibletoobtainafunctionallysatisfactorycorrespondace.

      Literaltranslationisagoodchoicetotranslatelivelyandclosely,astheoriginal.Itretainstheidea,styleandrhetoricoftheoriginal.Translatorsshouldgraspit.Literaltranslationisnotword-for-wordtranslation.Sometimes,translatorsshoulddosomechangeintranslationsothattheycanmakethetranslationmoreacceptable.Word-for-wordtranslationisunqualified.Notallsentencescantranslateliterally.Somesentences,ifusedliteraltranslationwouldnotbeaccordingwiththecultureoftargetlanguage.Especiallyforsomeidioms.Translatorsshouldhaveextensiveknowledge,comprehendtheoriginalthoroughly.Especiallyintranslatingsomeproffessionalmaterials.

      Freetranslationisaskill.Itneednotpaymoreattentiontotheformoftheoriginalandthedetails.Butfreetranslationshouldaccordwithtargetlanguagecultureandcustoms.Thentargetlanguagereaderscanaccepttranslationeasily.Thoughfreetranlationgivesleewaystotranslators,theyshouldnotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Becauseiftranslatorsaddedtheirownemotiontothetranslation,targetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereaderswouldhavedifferentfeeling.Sothetranslationisunqualified.Freetranslationalsoneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Translatorsshouldbeproviedewithliteraturetraining.Especiallyknowingsomeidiomsinbothtargetlanguageandsourcelanguageisveryimportant.

      Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwodifferentwayintranslation.Anexcellenttranslationincludsthistwokindsoftranslation.Anexcellenttranslatorcouldusethesetwokindsofwayproperlyandproficiently.Notranslatorscanuseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproficientlyatbeginning.Allsuccessfultranslatorshavepractisedlots.Whentheyweretranslating,theyaccumulatedexperienceandknowledge.Aftertheyhavetranslatedsomecomposition,theyaccumulateextensiveknowledge.Sotranslatorsneedspractise.Andbothcontentandstyleareinsparabylinkedinanytext,andsuccessintranslationmeansdealingcreativelywithbothoftheseaspectofcommunication.

      ①P91Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ②P92Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ③P88Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ④P88Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ⑤P102Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ⑥P92Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ⑦P95Fanzhongyan1994ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress.

      ⑧From:www.si-/schools/maoya.htm

      ⑨From:www.si-/schools/maoya.htm

      ⑩From:www.si-/schools/maoya.htm

      ABSTRACT

      Thisareticalisaboutliteraltranslationandfreetranslationandhowtouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproperly.literaltranslationisagoodchoicetouse,itkeepstheoriginalmessageform.Butliteraltranslationisnotword-for-wordtranslation.Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally.Becausethesesentencescontainsomeidiomsornotaccordingwiththecustomoftargetlanguage.Then,translaorsshouldusefreetranslation.Freetranslationisatranslationskillwhichisactive.Butfreetranslationcannotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Translationmustbeacceptablewhichusefreetranslation.Andfreetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Ifatranslatorwantstouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproficiently,practiseisthemostimportant.

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      Zhuguangqian<TALKABOUTTRANSLATION>1984ForeignLanguageTeachingAndResearchingPress

      CharlotteBronte<JANEEYRE>ShanghaiTranslationPress

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