不可譯性補償方法
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【Abstract】ThispaperdiscussestheproblemofuntranslatabilitybetweenChineseandEnglish,includinglinguisticandculturaluntranslatability.EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,andChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.Thephonemicsystem,characterstructureandfigureofspeechareallcompletelydifferent,andmostoftheseinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Thiscauseslinguisticuntranslatability.Differentcountryandregionhavedifferentculturalbackground,suchashistory,religionandsociety,andsoon,thesearenotexistinothercountryandregion.Soitisdifficulttotranslate.Butuntranslatabilityisnotabsolutely,weshouldunderstandtheco-existenceoftranslatabilityanduntranslatability.Baseontheunderstanding,wecanusesomemethodtocompensateinordertolessthebarrierintranslationandpromoteslanguageandculturecommunication.
【Keywords】untranslatability;linguisticuntranslatability;culturaluntranslatability;methodofcompensation
【摘要】本文討論漢英翻譯中的不可譯性問題，包括語言不可譯性和文化不可譯性。英語屬于印歐語系，而漢語屬于漢藏語系，其語音系統(tǒng)，文字結(jié)構(gòu)和修辭方法都完全不同，這些絕大多數(shù)都無法在另一語言中找到對等語，這便造成了語言的不可譯性。不同的國家和地區(qū)有著不同的歷史、宗教、社會等文化背景，這些在別的國家和地區(qū)都是不存在的，所以給翻譯造成了困難。但不可乙性并非絕對的，我們必須在理解可譯性與不可譯性是共同存在的，在此理解的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以采用補償方法，目的在于對不可譯性進行一定程度的補償，盡量減少翻譯障礙，促進語言與文化交流。
【關(guān)鍵詞】不可譯性；語言不可譯性；文化不可譯性；補償方法
1.Introduction
Untranslatabilityisapropertyofatext,orofanyutteranceinonelanguage,forwhichnoequivalenttextorutterancecanbefoundinanotherlanguage.
“J.C.Catford,acelebratedtranslationscholaroflinguisticsschool,raisedtheissueofuntranslatabilityin1965.Hearguesthatthelinguisticuntranslatabilityisduetothedifferencesinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage,whereascultureuntranslatabilityisduetotheabsenceinthetargetlanguageofrelevantsituationalfeatures.”[1]
“Nidapresentsarichsourceofinformationabouttheproblemofloseintranslation,inparticularaboutthedifficultiesencounteredbythetranslatorwhenfacingwithtermsorconceptsinthesourcelanguagethatdonotexitinthetargetlanguage.”[2]
“PeterNewmarkhasoncebrieflytalkedaboutthedeviationintranslation.”[3]
InChinatoday,manytranslationexpertsandscholarshavealsodiscussedtheproblemtosomeextentintheirpapers.
Theproblemofuntranslatabilityisalwaysadisputedissue.Nowadays,itiswellacceptedthattranslationisapossibleandfeasibletask.However,therearestillsomelanguagepointsthataredifficulttotranslate,whichiscalledthephenomenonofuntranslatability.
Linguisticandculturaldifferences,thetwocategoriesofuntranslatabilityphenomenonarecausedbydifferentfactors.Theseresultingfromthelinguisticdifferenceswillhardlychangewhilethoseresultingfromculturaldifferencesmaybecometranslatableinthefuturebyusingthemethodsofcompensationandtheskilloftranslators.
2.Linguisticuntranslatability
ProfessorLiuMiqingwroteinhisModernTranslationTheoriesthat“Thestructureoflanguagecommonlyshowsthecharacteristicsofthelanguage,thesecharacteristicsonlycanbefoundinrelativelanguage,thesimilartransferisdifficulttofindinnon-relativelanguage,foritneedtochangethecodecompletely.”[4]P107Viewfromtheetymology,EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguage,butChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguage,sothereexitthelinguisticuntranslatability,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:phonology,character,figureofspeech,andsoon.
2.1.Untranslatabilityinphonology
Anylanguagehasitsownspecialphonemicsystem,whichcannotbereplacedbyotherlanguage.TherearelargedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andmostofthepronunciationsinonelanguagedonothaveequivalentintheotherlanguage.Therefore,theycannotbetranslatedintothetargetlanguage.Forexample:
(1)“石詩士施氏，嗜獅，誓食十獅……”
Theauthorwrotethewholepassageinhomophonewords.Thisisatypicalexampleofuntranslatabilitycausedbyphonemicsystem.Seeanotherexample:
(2)“Cat,cat,cat,catchthefatratfast.”
Iftranslateitinto:“貓，貓，貓，快抓住那只肥老鼠”thatwilllosethephonemiceffect,anditonlytranslatesthemeaning.
2.2.Untranslatabilityincharacterstructure
Chinesewordsconsistofcharactersthathavetheirmeaning,butEnglishwordsconsistofalphabetsthataremeaningless.Theyarecompletelydifferentinwriting.Chinesehasawritingskillofdescribingcharacters,forexample:(3)“人曾為僧，人弗可以成佛，女卑為婢，女又何妨成奴”，“鴻是江邊鳥，蠶是天下蟲”，“琴瑟琵琶八大王，王王在上，魑魅魍魎四小鬼，鬼鬼靠邊”。TheyareallusingthespecialfeatureofChinesecharacters,todescribethecharacterstructureinpoetry,alsohavingtheirmeaning.ButEnglishhasnosuchstructuresinalphabeticalsystem,sotheyareabsolutelyuntranslatable.
SomeriddlesthatarerelativetothestructureofcharactersorEnglishwordsarealsountranslatable,forexample:(4)“田頭長草”（苗）,“Whatmakesaroadbroad?”(TheletterB).Ifthelatterriddleistranslatedinto:“什么使道路變寬？”（字母B）Everybodywillfellridiculous,andnoonecanunderstandthat.
2.3.Untranslatabilityinfigureofspeech
Mostofthelanguageshavetheirownfiguresofspeech.Justbecauseoftheexistenceoffigureofspeech,thelanguagesbecomevividandinteresting.Intranslationpractice,ifthetargetlanguagecannotshowthefigureofspeechinsourcelanguagecorrectly,itisnotfaithfultothecontent,thoughtandstyleofthesourcelanguage.Althoughthemeaningsaresimilar,itwilllessthelanguageinfluenceofthesourcetext.ThepeoplewhospeakChineseandthepeoplewhospeakEnglishhavelargedifferencesinthewayofthinkingandaesthetic,sowhentheyexpressthesameconcept,theyoftenusedifferentfigureofspeech.ThesecausedtheuntranslatabilityinChinese-Englishtranslation.Ithasthefollowingmainaspects:
2.3.1.Puns
Punmeanshumoroususeofawordthathastwomeaningsorofdifferentwordsthatsoundthesame.Punspackseveralmeaningsintooneword,anditisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherlanguagewillpackintothesamesetofmeanings,soitisdifficulttotranslateintothetargetlanguage.Exampleone:
(5)“楊柳青青江水平，聞郎江上唱歌聲，東邊日出西邊雨，道是無晴卻有晴”
Here“晴”isapun,anditalsomeans“情”，ZhangQichuntranslateitinto“Thewillowsaregreen,green,theriverisserene.Thenceishissongraftedtome.Intheeastthesunisrising,inthewesttherainisfalling.Canyouseeifit’sfairorfoul?”Inthistranslation,thetranslatordidverywell,especiallyin“green,serene,fairorfoul”,buthecannottranslatethepuncompletely.
Exampletwo:
(6)“Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrowntoafairpraise,andtoolittleforagreatpraise.”
The“l(fā)ow”and“fair”areallpunsinthissentence.“Low”meansshortinheightandlowsocialstatus.“Fair”meanspaleskin,lightincolorandjustice.ThereisnowordorphraseinChinesehavingthetwomeaningstogether,sothetranslatorcannottranslatethetwomeaningsintoChinese,onlyadaptedonemeaning,andwilllosetheothermeaning.
2.3.2.Palindrome
“Thefigureofspeechofpalindromemeansaword,verseorsentencethatreadthesamewhenthecharactersorletterscomposingitaretakenthereverseorder.”[5]P174TherearemanypalindromewordsinEnglish,suchas“Anna,dad,bob.”Englishpalindromeisbasedonletters,thelettershavenomeaning,anditreadsthesamewhentheorderisreversed.Forexample:
(7)“WasitacatIsaw?”
(8)“AblewasIereIsawElba!”
(9)“Madam,I’mAdam”
Iftheyaretranslatedinto“我看到的是貓嗎？”，“在我看到俄爾巴島之前還沒有倒！”，“夫人，我是亞當(dāng)。”,theeffectarealllostwithoutanypalindrome,soitisalmostuntranslatable.
ThepalindromeinChineseisuntranslatableaswell,forexample:
(10)“客上天然居，居然天上客?！?/p>
(11)“霧鎖江心江鎖霧，天連海角海連天?！?/p>
2.3.3.Alliteration
Alliterationisusingthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningofthetwoormorewordsinsuccession.ItisacommonfigureofspeechinEnglish,especiallyinproverb,advertisement,novelandsoon.,andmostofthealliterationareuntranslatable.[6]P33Forexample:
(12)Tomanyparents,thethreeGs,gays,guys,andgangshavereplacedthethreeRsasbenchmarkofschoollife.
對于許多父母來說，同性戀，槍支，幫派這三個詞已經(jīng)代替了讀，寫，算作為學(xué)校的基本尺度。
Inthistranslation,thethreeGs,gays,guys,gangsarealliteration,whichemphasizetheseriousproblemsofthegays,guysandgangs,butaftertranslatingthemintoChinese,wecannotseethiseffect.
2.3.4.Malapropism
“MalapropismcomesfromRichardSheridam’scomedyTheRivals,ahonoredladynameMalaprop,whooftenspeakswrongwordsorpronunciation.Malapropismisafigureofspeechusingwrongwordswithsimilarpronunciationtensionorintensiontoreachthehumorseffect.”[7]P75Malapropismbringsdifficultiesintranslation.Forexample:
(13)“我推開澳門，看到地上鋪的是巴基斯坦，桌上擺的是剛果……”
Thisisasentencefromcrosstalk,Chinesepeopleknowthehumorsnaturally,butifitistranslateditinto:“Pushingopenthe‘Macau’,Isaw‘Pakistan’pavedonthefloorand‘Congo’onthetable.Englishreaderscannotacceptthat,for‘Macau’isnotadoor,‘Pakistan’isnotablanket,and‘Congo’isnotfruiteither.MostoftheyoungergenerationinChinahaveheardthishumoroussentence:“我手持鄭伊健，腳踏溫兆輪，翻過趙本山，穿過關(guān)芝林，跨過潘長江，來到周星池……”Itisuntranslatabletoo.
3.Culturaluntranslatability
“AccordingtoJ.C.Catford,instanceofuntranslatabilitycanarisefromtwosources:oneislinguistic,andtheotherisculture.”[8]P25
Nidaalsomentionsthatwordshavemeaningonlyintermsofthetotalculturalsetting.
Andwhatisculture,EdwardTylorgavethedefinitiontheearliestinhisthePrimitiveCulture:“Cultureorcivilizationtakeninitswideanthro-graphicsenseisthatcompletewholewhichincludeknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,law,customandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbyamenasamemberofsociety.”[9]P478
PeterNewmarkwroteinhisATextbookofTranslation:“Idefinethecultureasthewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.”[10]P94
Translationisaveryimportantmediumforculturalexchangebetweenpeopleusingdifferentlanguages.Itisoneofthemostimportanttasksfromtranslatorsandtranslationresearchersviewingproblemsoftranslationfromtheangleofculturalexchangeinordertoincreasethedegreeofculturalexchangeachievedbytranslationasmuchaspossible.
Itisknowntoallthatlanguageisanimportantaspectofculture.Cultureincludesandaffectslanguage,itisthegroundfromwhichlanguagegrowsanddevelops.Alllanguagesareproductsofthecultureofthecountryandthenation.Theyallhavelonghistoricalbackgroundandvariousculturalconnotations.Thehistory,socialsystem,naturalenvironment,religionandcustomsareallshownvividlyintheirculturally-loadedwords,proverbs,idioms,andsoon.Intraditionalpractice,thereareoftennosuchwordsintargetlanguage,andthetranslatorshavetofindthesimilarcodesormakesomenewcodestoreplace,sowhentheseculturallyloadedwordsaretranslatedintoanotherlanguage,theculturalconnotationsarelost.Nidaoncepointedoutthat:“Forthesuccesstranslation,beingfamiliarwithtwoculturesisevenmoreimportantthanmasteringtwolanguages,becausethelanguagehasitsmeaningonlyintheculturalbackground.”[11]P92
Chineseculturebelongstoeasternculture,andEnglishcultureisEuropeanandAmericanculture,whichbelongstothewesternculture.Thereareessentialdifferencebetweeneasterncultureandwesternculture,sotheuntranslatabilityisunderstandable.
3.1.Untranslatabilityresultedfromculturegap
3.1.1.Materialculture
Differentnationsliveindifferentplaces,andwillhavedifferentimagesforthesamething.WeoftenhearsomeChinesesay:“走，喝酒去！”Theword“酒”isdifficulttotranslate.Itincludesliquor,spirit,alcohol,drink,beer,wine,andsoon.Thesewordsareall“酒”，buttheliquorandspiritmeanslowquality,andthedrinksincludeharddrinksandsoftdrinks,whilethewineisoftenreferredtothegrapeorfruitwine.
InEnglish,thedaffodilisthesymbolofspringandhappiness,butinChinese,itisonlyakindofflowercalled“黃水仙”。InChinesepeople’smind,theplum,orchid,chrysanthemumandbambooareallthesymbolofhighspirit.ButEnglishpeopledonotthinkso.
3.1.2.Traditionalculture
Peoplelivetogetherinonecountryorregion,andwillformtheirowntraditions,thesetraditionswillpassfromgenerationtogeneration.Andothercountriesorregionspeoplemaynothavethesetraditions,eventheyhave,butindifferentmeaning,thusmakingthesetraditionsuntranslatable.
Forexample:
(14)AccordingtoEnglishtradition,thefamilywillthrowoldshoestotheunmarriedcoupleswhentheygooutofthehouse,whichmeanswishthemluck,butifthistraditionistranslatedinto“扔舊鞋”，theChinesepeoplewillmisunderstandit.ForinChina,throwingoldshoestoawomanistoabuseher.
Forthetraditionreason,alotofappellationsareuntranslatable.ThemeaningofEnglishuncleincludesuchChinesewordsas叔父(father’syoungerbrother),伯父(father’selderbrother),舅舅(mother’sbrother),姑父(father’ssister’shusband),姨父(mother’ssister’shusband),叔叔(father’syoungerbrotherorafriendoracquaintanceaboutthesameageasayoungperson’sparent).ItwouldbeconsideredaterriblemistakeinChineseculturetorefertothefather’sbrotheras舅舅，soiftherelationisnotclearinEnglish,itcannotbetranslatedintoChinese.
3.1.3ReligiousCulture
Inreligion,translationbecomesthemission.Chinesehavetranslatedinthisfieldforalongtime,butChinesepeopledonothaveChristianitybackground.ThusmanyoftheculturewillmakeChinesepeoplemisunderstand.
Forexample:
(15)“Endoftheworld”willmakeChinesepeoplethinkofthecomingofgreatdisaster,inwhichallthehumanbeingwilldie,andtheywillfeelfear.ButtotheEnglishpeople,ithasnothingtodowithdisaster.Itisthecomingofthejusticemoment.
3.1.4.Historicalculture
Thehistoryofanationistherecordofthesocialdevelopment.Idiomsandlegendsprovidereadysupportinthisrespect.“Themainproblemsthatidiomsandfixedexpressionposeintranslationrelatetothetwomainareas:theabilitytorecognizeandinterpretanidiomcorrectly;andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrenderingthevariousaspectsofmeaningthatanidiomorafixedexpressionconveysintothetargetlanguage.”[12]P65Anidiomorfixedexpressionmayhavenoequivalentinthetargetlanguage.Onelanguagemayexpressagivenmeaningbyasingleword,anothermayexpressitbyafixedexpression,andathirdmayexpressitbyanidiom,andsoon.Soitisunrealistictoexpecttofindequivalentidiomsandexpressioninthetargetlanguageinallcases.Theidiomsandexpressionsmaybeculture-specificwhichmakesitdifficulttotranslateorisuntranslatable.TheexpressionsuchasKangarooCourt,relatedtospecificculturalbackgroundprovidesagoodexample.Andthehistoricalstoriesorlegendsalsohavetheircultureelement,forexample:(16)“八仙過海，各顯神通”，“三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮”，“情人眼里出西施”。
3.2.Untranslatabilityresultedfromcultureconflict
Intranslation,somewordsinonelanguagearetraditionallyconsideredequivalenttootherwordsinanotherlanguage,buttheirconnotationsandeventheirreferentsareineffectquitedifferent,theyareso-calledfalsefriends.Forexample:
(17)TheChinese“龍”andEnglish“dragon”.Chinesepeopleview“龍”asasymbolofpowerorgoodfortune.Suchas“望子成龍”，buttheEnglishpeopleseethedragonasfierceandassociateitwithevil,crueltyandviolence.If“望子成龍”istranslatedinto“toexpectone’ssontobeadragon”,Englishpeoplecannotacceptthat.
Sincetheformsoftherelateditemsarethesame,theyareoftenmisleading.Forexample,(18)thebrandnameofawell-knownChinesebattery“白象”isliterallytranslatedinto“WhiteElephant”.“白象”meansfortuneandgoodluckinChinese.However,thetranslationelicitunfavorablereactionfromEnglishconsumers,whousewhiteelephantasanidiomtomeansomethingcostlybutuseless.
Somewordsofcolorhaveconflictmeaningaswell.Takeredforexample,(19)ithasthemeaningofhappyandfestivalas“紅”inChinese,suchas“red-letterdays”.ButtheChinese“紅茶”is“blacktea”inEnglish,andtheChinese“紅糖”is“brownsugar”inEnglish.TheEnglish“inthered”is“虧損赤字”.
Cultureisoneofthegreatobstaclesintheprocessoftranslation,alongwiththelinguisticbarrierthatisresponsibleforuntranslatabilityintranslation.
4.Themethodofcompensation
Compensationisaspecialmethodthatisusedtoreachtheequivalencewhenthereisnoequivalentconceptandsuitableexpressioninthetargetlanguage.
Itiswidelyacceptedthatthelanguagephenomenonofuntranslatabilityisnotabsolutelyuntranslatable,especiallyintheculturalaspect.Intranslationpractice,whendealingwiththiskindofphenomenon,thetranslatoralwaysmakesgreateffecttogetrelativelysatisfactoryversion,followingarethemethodsoftenusedbytranslatorstocompensate.
4.1.Adaptation
An“adaptation”,alsoknownas“freetranslation”,isatranslationprocedurewherebythetranslatorreplacesasocial,orculturalrealityinthesourcelanguagewithacorrespondingrealityinthetargetlanguage,thisnewrealitywouldbemoreusualtotheaudienceinthetargetlanguage.Thismethodaimsatmaintainingtheeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguageatthesacrificeoftheformofthesourcelanguage,butwithoutchangingthemainculturalmessageoftheoriginal.Forexample:
(20)“很好，不用瞎擔(dān)心了，我還有委員的福分呢！”
“么事的桂圓？”
“是委員！從前行的是大人老爺，現(xiàn)在行委員！你還不明白？”
“Hegivemeverygoodnews,weneednotlookfortrouble.Ihavethepossibilityofbeingamemberofcommittee!”
“What’sacommontea?”Askedthewifewhovaguelycaughtthesound.
“Acommittee!Lordsandesquiresareoutofdate,andtheprevailingnominationistoacommittee.Don’tyoustillunderstand?”
Here,theChineseword“委員”(memberofacommittee)soundsquitelike“桂圓”(longan,akindoftropicalfruit).Intheconversation,thewifedoesnotquitecatchthewordandmistakethe“桂圓”for“委員”.Ifthetwowordsaretranslatedliterally,thereaderwillfindthewife’smistakeincomprehensiblesincethereisnophonologicalsimilarityinEnglishbetweenthetwoitems.Thetranslatorusethemethodofadaptation,turninglogon（桂圓）intocommontea.Nowtheformischange,monteaisphonologicallyrelatedtocommittee.Byusingadaptation,thishomophoneuntranslatabilityisturnedintotranslatability.
4.2.Borrowing
Borrowingisatranslationprocedurethatthetranslatorusesawordorexpressionfromthesourcelanguageinthetargetlanguageholus-bolus.Differencesbetweenculturesmaymeanthatonelanguagehasexpressionandconceptsthatmaynotexitinanother.Forexample,wehavenoready-madeequivalentfortheEnglish“model”,“Coca-cola”,“coffee”,“l(fā)ogic”,“sofa”,“motor”,“Brandy”,“chocolate”,“Benz”,andsoon.Facewithsuchwordsandexpressions,thetranslatorsarehard-pressedtoconveytheoriginalmeaningandareoftenleftwithnochoicebuttoborrowtheoriginallexicalitems.SothesewordscomeintoChinese:“模特兒”，“可口可樂”，“咖啡”，“邏輯”，“沙發(fā)”，“摩托”，“白蘭地”，“巧克力”，“奔馳”，andsoon.Andlikewise,therearenoEnglishequivalentforsomeChinesewords,suchaskang(heatedbrickbed),GuandiMiao(templeenshriningGuanYu,awellworshippedancientChinesehero),Zongzi(apyramid-shapedumplingmadeofglutinousricewrappedinreedleavesthatiseatenduringtheDragonBoatfestival),Qigong(asystemofdeepbreathingexercisepopularinChina),TaijiQuan(akindoftraditionalChineseboxing),andsoon.SomeofthesehadbeenacceptedbyEnglishpeople,andsomewillbeaccepted,andthesewordswillcometoEnglish.
4.3.Translator’snote
Atranslator’snoteisanote(usuallyafootnoteoranendnote)addedbythetranslatortothetargetlanguagetoprovideadditionalinformationpertainingtothelimitoftranslation,theculturalbackgroundandanyotherexplanation.“Nidaalsopointsoutthatthefootnotecanexplaincontradictorycustoms,identifyunknowngeographicalorphysicalobjects,giveequivalentofweightsandmeasures,providesinformationonplaysonwords,includesupplementarydataonpropernamesandaddinformationwhichmaybegenerallyusefulinunderstandingthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofthedocumentinquestion.”[13]P238-239Inaword,usingthismethodcanturnsomeuntranslatabilityintoacertaindegreeoftranslatability.
Forexample:
(20)道可道，非常道——《道德經(jīng)》Laozi
TheTao①thatcanbeexpressedinwordsisnottheconstantTao.
Note:①TheTaoisaabsolute,whichallotherthingsarerelative,itisalmightyandomnipresent.Itsvastnessorminutenesscannotbecomparedwiththingsofourunderstanding.Theuniverseisembracingit.
“HeretheChinesecharacter“道”isawordwithveryprofoundmeaning,whichfindsitselfnoequivalentintheEnglishlanguage.Itisalmostuntranslatable.Throughthefootnote,someoftheculturemessageshavebeentransferredintothetargetlanguagetext.”[14]P69
4.4.Calque
Calqueisatranslationprocedurethatatranslatortranslatesanexpression(oroccasionallyaword)literallyintothetargetlanguage,translatingtheelementoftheexpressionwordforword.PeterNewmarkrefersittoassemantictranslation.Itisamethodoftranslationthataimsatpreservingthemostculturalmessageofthesourcetextatthesacrificeoftheformalelementofthetargetlanguage,andsometimeseventheintelligibilityofthetargettext.Suchastranslate“armedtoteeth”into“武裝到牙齒”,translate“knowledgeisstrengths”into“知識就是力量”,translate“hotdog”into“熱狗”,andtranslate“紙老虎”into“papertiger”.Maybetheyseemridiculeratthebeginning,buttheywillbeacceptedbythetargetlanguagespeakingpeopleandbecomeacommonwordintheirdailylife.
4.5Paraphrase
“Paraphraseisasextendedsynonymandinevitablyanexpansionandadiffusionoftheoriginaltext.Itisonlyjustifiedwhenanitemofterminologytechnicalinstitutionalcultural,ecological,scientificcannotbehardedinanyotherway.E.g.byTLequivalent,transcription,neologismbyreproducingtheencyclopedictenorforthelinguisticvehicle.”[15]P130Sometimes,somewordsintheirsourcelanguagedonothaveequivalentinthetargetlanguage,anditisdifficulttousecalquesorothermethodtocompensate.Andwhatwecanuseisparaphrase,forexample:
TheChineseidiom“一龍一豬”,meansoneisverycleverandcapable,buttheotherisstupidandhopeless.Ifitistranslatedinto“oneisadragon,anotherisapig”,Englishreaderscannotunderstandthemeaning.Andtherearenosimilaridiomstosubstitute,soweonlycanusethemethodofparaphrase,andtranslateitinto:”O(jiān)neisverycapable,whiletheotherisextremelyincompetent.”
5.Conclusion
Forthedifferenceinlinguisticandcultural,weshouldacceptthattheredoesexistuntranslatabilitybetweenEnglishandChinese.Butweneverneglectthefactthattherearenumerouslanguageuniversalsandculturalsimilarities.Itisnecessarytounderstandtheco-existenceofuntranslatabilityandtranslatability.Baseontheunderstanding,wecanusevariousmethodtocompensatetheuntranslatabilityandlessthebarrierintranslation.Withtheglobaleconomicintegration,culturaldiversity,networktechnologyrevolutionary,theworldwillbecomesmallerandsmaller.Wehaveeveryreasontobelievethatthelanguageandculturalcommunicationwillbemoreandmore,andthebarrierbetweenlanguageswillbelessandless.
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