馬歇爾計劃

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英語演講稿+

《歐洲復(fù)興計劃》的通稱。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國爭奪全球戰(zhàn)略的重點—歐洲的擴張計劃。1947年6月5日，國務(wù)卿G．C．馬歇爾在哈佛大學(xué)發(fā)表演說，首先提出援助歐洲經(jīng)濟復(fù)興的方案，故名。他說。當(dāng)時歐洲經(jīng)濟瀕于崩潰，糧食和燃料等物質(zhì)極度匱乏，而其需要的進口量遠遠超過它的支付能力。如果沒有大量額外援助，就會面臨性質(zhì)非常嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟、社會和政治的危機。他呼吁歐洲國家采取主動，共同制訂一項經(jīng)濟復(fù)興計劃，美國則用其生產(chǎn)過剩的物資援助歐洲國家。1947年7-9月，英、法、意、奧、比、荷、盧、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、愛爾蘭、冰島16國的代表在巴黎開會，決定接受馬歇爾計劃（1948年4月，德國西部占領(lǐng)區(qū)和的里雅斯特自由區(qū)也宣布接受），建立了歐洲經(jīng)濟合作委員會，提出了要求美國在4年內(nèi)提供援助和貸款224億美元的總報告。1948年4月3日美國國會通過《對外援助法案》，馬歇爾計劃正式執(zhí)行。計劃原定期限5年（1948-1952），1951年底，美國宣布提前結(jié)束，代之以《共同安全計劃》。美國對歐洲撥款共達131．5億美元，其中贈款占88％，余為貸款。馬歇爾計劃實施期間，西歐國家的國民生產(chǎn)總值增長25％。馬歇爾計劃是戰(zhàn)后美國對外經(jīng)濟技術(shù)援助最成功的計劃，它為北大西洋公約組織和歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體的建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)，對西歐的聯(lián)合和經(jīng)濟的恢復(fù)起了促進作用，同時，也緩和了美國國內(nèi)即將發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟危機。

Mr.President,Dr.Conant,membersoftheBoardofOverseers,LadiesandGentlemen:

Iamprofoundlygrateful,touchedbythegreatdistinctionandhonorandgreatcomplimentaccordedmebytheauthoritiesofHarvardthismorning.Iamoverwhelmed,asamatteroffact,andIamratherfearfulofmyinabilitytomaintainsuchahighratingasyou''''vebeengenerousenoughtoaccordtome.Inthesehistoricandlovelysurroundings,thisperfectday,andthisverywonderfulassembly,itisatremendouslyimpressivethingtoanindividualinmyposition.

Buttospeakmoreseriously,Ineednottellyouthattheworldsituationisveryserious.Thatmustbeapparenttoallintelligentpeople.Ithinkonedifficultyisthattheproblemisoneofsuchenormouscomplexitythattheverymassoffactspresentedtothepublicbypressandradiomakeitexceedinglydifficultforthemaninthestreettoreachaclearappraisementofthesituation.Furthermore,thepeopleofthiscountryaredistantfromthetroubledareasoftheearth,anditishardforthemtocomprehendtheplightandconsequentreactionsofthelong-sufferingpeoplesofEuropeandtheeffectofthosereactionsontheirgovernmentsinconnectionwithoureffortstopromotepeaceintheworld.

InconsideringtherequirementsfortherehabilitationofEurope,thephysicallossoflife,thevisibledestructionofcities,factories,mines,andrailroadswascorrectlyestimated,butithasbecomeobviousduringrecentmonthsthatthisvisibledestructionwasprobablylessseriousthanthedislocationoftheentirefabricofEuropeaneconomy.Forthepasttenyearsconditionshavebeenhighlyabnormal.Thefeverishpreparationforwarandthemorefeverishmaintenanceofthewareffortengulfedallaspectsofnationaleconomies.Machineryhasfallenintodisrepairorisentirelyobsolete.UnderthearbitraryanddestructiveNazirule,virtuallyeverypossibleenterprisewasgearedintotheGermanwarmachine.Long-standingcommercialties,privateinstitutions,banks,insurancecompanies,andshippingcompaniesdisappearedthroughlossofcapital,absorptionthroughnationalization,orbysimpledestruction.Inmanycountries,confidenceinthelocalcurrencyhasbeenseverelyshaken.ThebreakdownofthebusinessstructureofEuropeduringthewarwascomplete.RecoveryhasbeenseriouslyretardedbythefactthattwoyearsafterthecloseofhostilitiesapeacesettlementwithGermanyandAustriahasnotbeenagreedupon.Butevengivenamorepromptsolutionofthesedifficultproblems,therehabilitationoftheeconomicstructureofEuropequiteevidentlywillrequireamuchlongertimeandgreatereffortthanhadbeenforeseen.

Thereisaphaseofthism世界秘書網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有atterwhichisbothinterestingandserious.Thefarmerhasalwaysproducedthefoodstuffstoexchangewiththecitydwellerfortheothernecessitiesoflife.Thisdivisionoflaboristhebasisofmoderncivilization.Atthepresenttimeitisthreatenedwithbreakdown.Thetownandcityindustriesarenotproducingadequategoodstoexchangewiththefood-producingfarmer.Rawmaterialsandfuelareinshortsupply.Machinery,asIhavesaid,islackingorwornout.Thefarmerorthepeasantcannotfindthegoodsforsalewhichhedesirestopurchase.Sothesaleofhisfarmproduceformoneywhichhecannotuseseemstohimanunprofitabletransaction.He,therefore,haswithdrawnmanyfieldsfromcropcultivationandhe''''susingthemforgrazing.Hefeedsmoregraintostockandfindsforhimselfandhisfamilyanamplesupplyoffood,howevershorthemaybeonclothingandtheotherordinarygadgetsofcivilization.

Meanwhile,peopleinthecitiesareshortoffoodandfuel,andinsomeplacesapproachingthestarvationlevels.So,thegovernmentsareforcedtousetheirforeignmoneyandcreditstoprocurethesenecessitiesabroad.Thisprocessexhaustsfundswhichareurgentlyneededforreconstruction.Thus,averyserioussituationisrapidlydevelopingwhichbodesnogoodfortheworld.Themodernsystemofthedivisionoflaboruponwhichtheexchangeofproductsisbasedisindangerofbreakingdown.ThetruthofthematteristhatEurope''''srequirementsforthenextthreeorfouryearsofforeignfoodandotheressentialproducts--principallyfromAmerica--aresomuchgreaterthanherpresentabilitytopaythatshemusthavesubstantialadditionalhelporfaceeconomic,social,andpoliticaldeteriorationofaverygravecharacter.

TheremedyseemstolieinbreakingtheviciouscircleandrestoringtheconfidenceofthepeopleofEuropeintheeconomicfutureoftheirowncountriesandofEuropeasawhole.Themanufacturerandthefarmerthroughoutwideareasmustbeableandwillingtoexchangetheirproductforcurrencies,thecontinuingvalueofwhichisnotopentoquestion.

Asidefromthedemoralizingeffectontheworldatlargeandthepossibilitiesofdisturbancesarisingasaresultofthedesperationofthepeopleconcerned,theconsequencestotheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesshouldbeapparenttoall.ItislogicalthattheUnitedStatesshoulddowhateveritisabletodotoassistinthereturnofnormaleconomichealthintheworld,withoutwhichtherecanbenopoliticalstabilityandnoassuredpeace.Ourpolicyisdirectednotagainstanycountryordoctrinebutagainsthunger,poverty,desperation,andchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevivalofaworkingeconomyintheworldsoastopermittheemergenceofpoliticalandsocialconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist.

Suchassistance,Iamconvinced,mustnotbeonapiecemealbasis,asvariouscrisesdevelop.AnyassistancethatthisGovernmentmayrenderinthefutureshouldprovideacureratherthanamerepalliative.Anygovernmentthatiswillingtoassistinthetaskofrecoverywillfindfullcooperation,Iamsure,onthepartoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.Anygovernmentwhichmaneuverstoblocktherecoveryofothercountriescannotexpecthelpfromus.Furthermore,governments,politicalparties,orgroupswhichseektoperpetuatehumanmiseryinordertoprofittherefrompoliticallyorotherwisewillencountertheoppositionoftheUnitedStates.

ItisalreadyevidentthatbeforetheUnitedStatesGovernmentcanproceedmuchfurtherinitseffortstoalleviatethesituationandhelpstarttheEuropeanworldonitswaytorecovery,theremustbesomeagreementamongthecountriesofEuropeastotherequirementsofthesituationandthepartthosecountriesthemselveswilltakeinordertogiveapropereffecttowhateveractionsmightbeundertakenbythisGovernment.ItwouldbeneitherfittingnorefficaciousforourGovernmenttoundertaketodrawupunilaterallyaprogramdesignedtoplaceEuropeonitsfeeteconomically.ThisisthebusinessoftheEuropeans.Theinitiative,Ithink,mustcomefromEurope.TheroleofthiscountryshouldconsistoffriendlyaidinthedraftingofaEuropeanprogramandoflatersupportofsuchaprogramsofarasitmaybepracticalforustodoso.Theprogramshouldbeajointone,agreedtobyanumber,ifnotall,Europeannations.

AnessentialpartofanysuccessfulactiononthepartoftheUnitedStatesisanunderstandingonthepartofthepeopleofAmericaofthecharacteroftheproblemandtheremediestobeapplied.Politicalpassionandprejudiceshouldhavenopart.Withforesight,andawillingnessonthepartofourpeopletofaceuptothevastresponsibilitywhichhistoryhasclearlyplaceduponourcountry,thedifficultiesIhaveoutlinedcanandwillbeovercome.

IamsorrythatoneachoccasionIhavesaidsomethingpubliclyinregardtoourinternationalsituation,Ihavebeenforcedbythenecessitiesofthecasetoenterintorathertechnicaldiscussions.But,tomymind,itisofvastimportancethatourpeoplereachsomegeneralunderstandingofwhatthecomplicationsreallyare,ratherthanreactfromapassionoraprejudiceoranemotionofthemoment.

AsIsaidmoreformallyamomentago,weareremotefromthesceneofthesetroubles.Itisvirtuallyimpossibleatthisdistancemerelybyreading,orlistening,orevenseeingphotographsandmotionpictures,tograspatalltherealsignificanceofthesituation.Andyetthewholeworldofthefuturehangsonaproperjudgment.Ithangs,Ithink,toalargeextentontherealizationoftheAmericanpeople,ofjustwhatarethevariousdominantfactors.Whatarethereactionsofthepeople?世界秘書網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有Whatarethejustificationsofthosereactions?Whatarethesufferings?Whatisneeded?Whatcanbestbedone?Whatmustbedone?

Thankyouverymuch.