楊氏之子翻譯

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楊氏之子翻譯范文第1篇

【摘要】 目的： 探討外源性一氧化碳釋放分子對膿毒癥炎癥反應的抑制作用及可能的機制。方法： 應用盲腸結扎及穿孔膿毒癥小鼠模型，使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子（CORM2， 8 mg/kg 體質量，尾靜脈注射）進行干預。檢測肝、肺臟髓過氧化物酶(MPO) 活性。應用內毒素(LPS，10 g/ml)刺激的人臍靜脈內皮細胞炎癥模型，使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子（ CORM2，10～100 mol/L）進行干預。檢測核因子κB （NFκB）活性， 內皮細胞黏附分子的表達，氧化產物、NO產物以及多形核白細胞對內皮細胞的黏附作用。 結果： 盲腸結扎及穿孔膿毒癥小鼠模型使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子干預后肝、肺組織MPO活性明顯下降。CORM2 抑制了LPS刺激導致的 NFκB活性上調。 同時，NO產物下降，內皮細胞ICAM1的表達抑制，白細胞對內皮細胞的黏附作用明顯抑制。結論： 外源性一氧化碳釋放分子通過抑制NFκB 活性，抑制ICAM1 蛋白和NO的表達，抑制白細胞對內皮細胞的黏附作用，進而有效抑制膿毒癥炎癥反應。

【關鍵詞】 一氧化碳； 盲腸結扎及穿孔； 炎癥反應； 核因子κB

CLP (cecal ligation and puncture) may induce the activation of an inflammatory cascade， cause damage to multiple organs distant from the original burn wound and may lead to sepsis and multiple organ failure［1］.There have been several reports indicating that the inflammatory response syndrome， which contributes to oxidative cell/tissue damage， might frequently be accompanied by leukocyte sequestration in many important organ systems in the body［2］.The increase of production of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is closely associated with activation of leukocytes and macrophages which were sequestrated in the tissue［3，4］.

Leukocytes sequestration and their subsequent infiltration in organ tissue can cause leukocyte activation and contribute to vascular damage and the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.As the prerequisite， activation of leukocytes and endothelial cells results in aggregation of leukocytes， platelets and erythrocytes in vivo.This may favor disseminated intravasal coagulation and further multiple organ failure.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been known in biology and medicine as a toxic compound， due to its ability to bind hemoglobin with a much higher affinity than oxygen［5］.Evidence accumulated to date suggests that endogenous carbon monoxide (CO)， a biproduct of inducible heme oxygenase (HO1) can modulate inflammation， inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced production of cytokines both in vivo and in vitro， and consequently exhibits important cytoprotective function and antiinflammatory properties that are beneficial for the resolution of acute inflammation［6-8］.Inhaled CO at concentrations of 250～500 parts per million (ppm) has also been shown to be beneficial in a number of lung injury models， including hyperoxic injury［9，10］ allergeninduced inflammation［11］.

Recently， transitional metal carbonyls have been identified as potential COreleasing molecules (CORMs) with the potential to facilitate the pharmaceutical use of CO by delivering it to tissues and organs［12］.CORMs have been shown to act pharmacologically in rat aortic and cardiac tissue where liberation of CO produced vasorelaxant effects［13-16］ and decreased myocardial ischemiareperfusion damage［17，18］ in the absence of dramatic changes in blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels.

On the basis of these data， the present study was， therefore， designed as a prospective laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (Ⅱ) dimer (CORM2)， one of the novel group of CORMs， on attenuation of leukocyte sequestration and decrease of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the organs of CLPinduced mice and LPSinduced HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)， and discussed the possible molecular mechanisms.

1 Material and methods

1.1 Materials

Medium 199 (M199)， fetal calf serum (FCS)， penicillin， and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO BRL (Gland Island， NY).Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM2) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich and solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain a 10 mmol/L stock.LPS(Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5) was purchased from Sigma.AntiICAM1 polyclonal antibody was purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington， KY).Antimouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was purchased from Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories (Gaithersburg， MD).

1.2 Animals

The C57BL/6 mice［male， N=21; bw (20± 2)g］ were fed a standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum.Mice were assigned to three groups in three respective experiments.In each experiment， mice in sham group (n=7) were underwent sham procedure， whereas mice in CLP group (n=7) received cecal ligation and puncture and mice in CORM2 group (n=7) underwent the same injury with immediate administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg， i.v.).The concentration of CORM2 used in the present study was based on a previous report in of the use of this compound in mice［19］ and the preliminary experiments in our lab by measuring dynamic COHb levels and peak levels which did not averaged 15%±5% above normal levels.The experimental protocol was approved by The Council on Animal Care at Jiangsu University on the protection and the welfare of animals and met National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals.

1.2.1 CLP Mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in oxygen via a facemask.A 1to 2 cm midline incision was made through the abdominal wall; the cecum was identified and ligated with a 3-0 silk tie 1 cm from the tip.Care was taken not to cause bowel obstruction.A single puncture of the cecal wall was performed with a 20gauge needle.The cecum was lightly squeezed to express a small amount of stool from the puncture site to assure a fullthickness perforation.Great care was taken to preserve continuity of flow between the small and large bowels.Inspection of mice at various intervals after CLP did not reveal evidence of bowel obstruction.The cecum was returned to the abdominal cavity， and the incision was closed with surgiclips.Sham mice underwent anesthesia and midline laparotomy; the cecum was exteriorized and returned to the abdomen， and the wound was closed with surgiclips.Mice received injection of CORM2 (8.0 mg/kg， i.v.) immediately after CLP.Control mice received 160 μl 0.5% DMSOnormal saline in the same regimen.Measurement of MPO in the liver was performed at 24 h after CLP.

1.2.2 MPO activity MPO activity as an assessment of neutrophil influx was measured according to established protocols［20］.In brief， tissue was homogenized in 0.5 ml of 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 10，000 r/min at 4℃ for 30 min.The remaining pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of 50 mmol/L potassium buffer pH 6.0 with 0.5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide， sonicated on ice， and then centrifuged at 12，000 r/min at 4℃ for 10 min.Supernatants were then assayed at a 1∶20 dilution in reaction buffer containing 50 mmol/L PB， 530 mmol/L odianisidine， and 20 mmol/L H2O2 solution.One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of MPO present that caused a change in absorbance measured at 460 nm for 3 min.MPO activity was expressed as U/g tissue.

1.3 Cells

1.3.1 Isolation and culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were harvested from the fresh human umbilical vein of newborns by collagenase treatment (Worthington Biochem， Freehold， NJ) as previously described［21］.The cells were grown in medium 199(M199; GIBCO， Burlington， Canada) supplemented with 10% heatinactivated FCS (Intergen， Purchase， NY)， 2.4 mg/L thymidine (Sigma Chemical， Oakville， Canada)， 10 IU/ml heparin sodium， antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin; GIBCO)， 1.5 μg/ml fungizone (GIBCO)，and 80 μg/ml endothelial mitogen (Biomedical chnologies， Stoughten， MA).The cell cultures were incubated in room air with 5% CO2 at 37℃ and 95% humidity and were expanded by brief trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin in PBS containing 0.025% EDTA.The experiments were conducted on passage 3 HUVEC.After 18 h， the medium was changed to 500 μl of fresh complete M199.Cells were stimulated with LPS (10 g/ml).After treatment for 4 h， the cells and medium were harvested separately.

1.3.2 PMN adhesion assays Human neutrophilic PMN were isolated from the venous blood of healthy adults using standard dextran sedimentation and gradient separation on Histopaque1077.This procedure yields a PMN population that is 95%～98% viable (trypan blue exclusion) and 98% pure (acetic acidcrystal violet staining).

For the static adhesion assay， isolated neutrophils were suspended in PBS buffer and radiolabeled by incubating the cells at 5×107 cells/ml with 50 μCi Na51CrO4/ml PMN suspension at 37℃ for 60 min.The cells were then washed with cold PBS to remove unincorporated radioactivity.Radiolabeled PMN (5×105/well) were added to HUVEC monolayers grown in 48well plates (Costar)， and 30 min later the percentage of added PMN that remained adherent after a wash procedure was quantitated as follows: %PMN adherence = lysate (cpm)/［supernatant (cpm) + wash (cpm) + lysate (cpm)］， where cpm is counts per minute.

1.3.3 Oxidant production Oxidant production within HUVEC was assessed by measuring the oxidation of intracellular dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123; Molecular Probes， Inc.)， an oxidantsensitive fluorochrome， as described previously［22］.Briefly， the cells were treated with DHR 123 (5 mmol/L) for 1 h before being subjected to LPS stimulation.After LPS stimulation the cells were washed with PBS， lysed， and DHR 123 oxidation was assessed spectrofluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 502 and 523 nm， respectively.

1.3.4 Nitric oxide production NO production by HUVEC was assessed by measuring the fluorescence of 4amino5methylamino2′，7′difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAFFM diacetate)， a specific NO probe (Molecular Probes， Inc.)［23］.Briefly， DAFFM diacetate (10 mmol/L) in M199 was added to the HUVEC 1h before the LPS stimulation.After LPS stimulation， the HUVEC and supernatants were collected and analyzed spectrofluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 nm and 515 nm， respectively.

1.3.5 SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting were performed as described previously［24］.Samples (10 μg of protein) were subjected to electrophoresis on 7% (for ICAM1) SDSpolyacrylamide gels， with the use of the discontinuous system and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes.The membranes were probed with antiICAM1 monoclonal antibody (1∶2 500).Antimouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (1∶2 500) was used as a secondary antibody.The bands were visualized by the use of ECL reagent and Hyperfilm ECL (Amersham， Arlington Heights， IL) as described by the manufacturer.Films were scanned using a flatbed scanner and the bands were quantified using Basic Quantifier software (Bio Image， Ann Arbor， MI)， an image analysis program， on computer.

1.3.6 HUVEC nuclear protein extraction and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) Nuclear protein was extracted from HUVEC as previously described［25］.Cells were grown to confluence in Petridish， scraped， washed with cold PBS， and incubated in 150 μl of buffer E(+) (0.3% Nonidet P40， 10 mmol/L Tris (pH 8.0)， 60 mmol/L NaCl， 1 mmol/L EDTA， 0.5 mmol/L dithiothreitol (DTT)， 1 μg/ml aprotinin， 1 μg/ml leupeptin， and 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ) for 5 min on ice.Samples were centrifuged at 4℃ for 5 min at 500 r/min.The supernatant was then removed， and the pellets (nuclei) were resuspended in 150 μl of buffer E (10 mmol/L Tris (pH 8.0)， 60 mmol/L NaCl， 1 mmol/L EDTA， and 0.5 mmol/L DTT) and centrifuged at 500 r/min for 5 min at 4℃.The nuclei were then extracted in 30～50 μl of buffer E(c)(20 mmol/L HEPES， 0.75 mmol/L spermidine， 0.15 mmol/L spermine， 0.2 mmol/L EDTA， 2 mmol/L EGTA， 2 mmol/L DTT， 20% glycerol， and 1 mmol/L PMSF (4 ℃) in the presence of 0.4 mol/L NaCl) and were incubated on ice for 20 min.Finally， the samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 500 r/min (4℃)， and the supernatants were collected and saved as the nuclear protein fraction.Samples were stored at -80℃.

The doublestranded oligonucleotide containing consensus (58AGGGACTTCCGCTGGGGACTTTCC38) binding sites for NFκB (synthesized on site; BeckmanOligo 1 000 mol/L DNA synthesizer) were endlabeled with［γ-32P］ATP (Amersham) by using T4polynucleotide kinase (MBI Fermentas， Flamborough， ON)， as described previously［25］ .One picomole of the labeled oligonucleotide was incubated with 5 μg of nuclear extract protein in the presence or absence of 50×excess of cold oligonucleotide.Samples were incubated for 30 min at room temperature and then run through a 4% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel at 280 V for 45～60 min.The gel was dried and then exposed to Xray film (Kodak) in cassettes for 2～4 h at -80℃ with intensifying screens.

1.3.7 Cell ELISA For assessment of ICAM1 surface expression level， an ELISA was performed［26］ on HUVEC grown in 96well cell culture plates (Corning).HUVEC were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4℃ for 30 min.The cells were then washed two times with cold PBS and were incubated with the mouse primary monoclonal antibody (MAb) against human ICAM1 (Dako) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml for 1 h at room temperature.After this treatment， immunocytochemical staining of HUVEC monolayers was performed using an avidinbiotinconjugated peroxidase mouse IgG staining kit (Vectastain)， and MAb binding was subsequently quantified with a microplate reader (model 3550UV; BioRad) at 450 nm wavelength.

1.4 Statistical Analysis

All of the values are presented as means ± SE.Statistical analysis was performed with the use of ANOVA and Student′s ttest for the comparisons.A value of P

2 Results

2.1 Effect of CORM2 on MPO activity in lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

To determine whether CLPinduced increase in PMN accumulation in the lung and liver was effectively prevented by CORM2， the activity of MPO， an enzyme in azurophilic granules of neutrophils， was assessed.Extracts of the organs samples were examined for content of MPO at 24 h after CLP injury.MPO activity in organs obtained from CLPinduced mice was markedly increased compared to sham (P< 0.01)， while it significantly decreased by treatment with CORM2 (Fig.1).

Fig 1 Effects of CORM2 on MPO activity in the

lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

Mice were injected (i.v.) with CORM2 (8 mg/kg) immediately after CLP challenging.Sham mice received 160 μl bolus injection of 0.5% DMSO/saline.MPO activities in the lung and liver were assessed 24 h following CLP.Results are mean ± SE of three experiments (three mice per group)， *P

2.2 Effect of CORM2 on expression of ICAM1 in the lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

At 24 h after CLP induction， the expression of ICAM1 in lung and liver tissues significantly increased compared to the sham animals.In vivo administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg， i.v.)， expression of ICAM1 was significantly decreased (Fig.2)

Fig 2 Effects of CORM2 on protein expression of ICAM1

in the liver and lung of CLPinduced mice

Mice were challenged with CLP and treated with CORM2 as described in Fig.1.Protein expression of ICAM1 was performed by western blotting at 24 h after CLP.Results are mean ± SE.*P

2.3 Effect of CORM2 on activities of NFκB in lung and liver tissue of CLPchallenged mice

Binding activities of nuclear protein to the radiolabeled consensus binding sequences of NFκB was assessed by EMSA.At 24 h after CLP induction， the NFκB activation in lung and liver was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by in vivo administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg，i.v.) (Fig.3).

Fig 3 Effects of CORM2 on NFκB activation in the lung

and liver of CLPinduced mice (EMSA)

Mice were challenged with CLP and treated with CORM2 as described in Fig.1.Measurement of NFκB activity was performed by mobility shift assay (EMSA) with 32Plabeled NFκB probe and 5 μg of nuclear extract from liver of sham， CLP and CLP+CORM2 mice at 24 h after CLP.

2.4 Effect of CORM2 on intracellular production of ROS and NO in HUVEC stimulated by LPS

As shown in Fig.4a， the LPS stimulation resulted in a significant increase in HUVEC oxidant production.Treated HUVEC with different concentration of CORM2 induced less DHR oxidation compared to the LPS with a concentrationdependent manner.As shown in Fig.4b， HUVEC produced significantly more NO during the LPS stimulation as compared to control.HUVEC significantly decreased their NO production after treatment with CORM2 as a concentrationdependent manner.

Fig 4 Effects of CORM2 on intracellular production of

ROS and NO in LPSstimulated HUVEC

HUVEC were grown to confluence in 48well cell culture plates and loaded with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) or diaminofluoresceinFM (DAFFM) for 1 h.Subsequently， HUVEC were stimulated with LPS (10 μg/ml) for 4 h in the presence or absence of CORM2 (10， 50， 100 μmol/L).Oxidative stress (DHR123 oxidation) (a) and NO production (DAFFM nitration) (b) were assessed.All values are expressed as mean ± SE (n=4).*P

2.5 Effect of CORM2 on ICAM1 expression in LPSstimulated HUVEC (cell ELISA and Western blotting)

At 24 h after LPS stimulation， the expression of ICAM1 in HUVEC significantly increased compared to the control.At the present of CORM2 (10，50 and 100 μmol/L)， expression of ICAM1 (Fig.5a， ELISA and 5b， Western blotting) was significantly decreased.

All values are expressed as mean ± SE (n=4).*P

Fig 5 Effects of CORM2 on ICAM1 expression in LPS

stimulated HUVEC (cell ELISA and Western blotting)

2.6 Effect of CORM2 on activities of NFκB in LPSchallenged HUVEC

Binding activities of nuclear protein to the radiolabeled consensus binding sequences of NFκB was assessed by EMSA.At 4 h after LPS stimulation， the NFκB activation in HUVEC was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by administration of CORM2 with a concentrationdependent manner (Fig.6).

Fig 6 Effects of CORM2 on NFκB activation in LPS

stimulatedHUVEC (EMSA)

At 4 h after LPS stimulation， the NFκB activation in HUVEC was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by administration of CORM2 with a concentrationdependent manner.

2.7 Effect of CORM2 on PMN adhesion to HUVEC stimulated by LPS

As shown in Fig.7， adhesion of PMN to HUVEC is low in control.After monolayer of endothelial cells were stimulated by LPS for 4 h， adhesion of PMN to HUVEC significantly increased (P

Confluent monolayers of HUVEC were incubated with LPS (10 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of CORM2 (10， 50 and 100 μmol/L) for 4 h followed by PMN addition in the well.PMN adherence was determined.All values are expressed as means ± SE (n=3).*P< 0.01 compared to control; ﹟P< 0.05 compared to LPS.

Fig 7 Effect of CORM2 on PMN adhesion to

LPSstimulated HUVEC

3 Discussion

Sepsis is a common and serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic infection leading to a systemic inflammatory response， which frequently occurs after hemorrhage， trauma， burn， or abdominal surgery.It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in severely ill patients［27］.Although some information has been generated from the LPS injection studies， LPS injection is an adequate model of endotoxemia and can not precisely mimic the changes observed during sepsis.On the other hand， cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model seems to resemble qualitatively as well as quantitatively the clinical observations of vascular reactivity and inflammation during polymicrobial peritonitis， bacteremia， and systemic sepsis［28］.Therefore， the aim of this study is to evaluate the possible role of CORMderived CO in CLPinduced sepsis.

Many experimental studies have highlighted the specific and independent role of exogenous CO in the modulation of inflammation［29， 30］.As a new metal carbonylbased compounds， COreleasing moleculars (CORMs) have the ability to release CO in biological systems.The vasoactive， antihypertensive and antirejection effects of CORMs have been demonstrated to be due to the CO liberated by the compounds.CORM2， a DMSOsoluble CORM， also has exhibited antiinflammatory actions in an in vitro model of LPSstimulated macrophages［31］.Therefore， the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CORM2 on the dynamics of leukocytes sequestration in the lung and liver， and on the decrease of ROS and NO production in the LPSstimulated HUVEC.

Leukocytes sequestration and their subsequent infiltration in lung and liver tissues can cause leukocyte activation and contribute to vascular damage and the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme that is found predominantly in the azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).Tissue MPO activity is frequently utilized to estimate tissue PMN accumulation in inflamed tissues and correlates significantly with the number of PMN determined histochemically in tissues［32］ .In the present study， we found that tissue MPO activity was markedly elevated after CLP and in vivo administration of CORM2 led to the significantly downregulation of MPO activity.This indicated that CORM2 effectively prevents PMN chemotaxis and infiltration in the tissue after CLP， consequently decreased the production of oxidants， reduced tissue oxidative injury.

The direct cause of leukocytes sequestration after CLP is considered to be the more expression of adhesion molecule (ICAM1).ICAM1 activates leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs)， which in turn prompt the release of various inflammatory mediators， resulting in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)， acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS)［33-35］.The present results showed that at 24 h postCLP， the expression levels of ICAM1 in lung and liver tissue were markedly upregulated.In vivo administration of CORM2 was able to inhibit the upregulation of ICAM1 induced by CLP.In addition， CORM2 also inhibits the increase of ICAM1 expression in LPSstimulated HUVEC.In parallel， the results of in vitro experiments showed that LPS stimulation caused significant increase of PMNs adhesion to HUVEC， CORM2 treatment effectively prevented this increase.

There is no doubt that the nuclear factor

κB(NFκB) is a ubiquitous， rapidly acting transcription factor involved in immune and inflammatory reactions， it exerts its immune and inflammatory response by regulating expression of cytokines， chemokines， cell adhesion molecules， and growth factors［36，37］.In this study， NFκB activities in lung and liver tissue and in LPSstimulated HUVEC were elevated by CLP while it was markedly inhibited by administration of CORM2.These data showed that CORM2 plays a pivotal role in inhibition of NFκB activity， subsequently decreased the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM1) and CLPinduced proinflammatory mediators.Therefore， an effective therapeutic strategy that inhibit this transcription factor would be expected to improve organ functions after CLP.

In summary， the present studies serve to clarify the role of CORM2， one of the novel COreleasing molecules， on the mechanisms of attenuation of leukocyte sequestration.Application of CORM2 on CLP mice attenuated PMNs accumulation， prevented activation of NFκB， and subsequently decreased the production of inflammatory mediators in the lung and liver.This was accompanied by a decrease of the expression of ICAM1.In parallel， expression of ICAM1， PMN adhesion to HUVEC stimulated by LPS were markedly decreased after CORM2treatment.Taken together these findings indicate that CORMreleased CO attenuates leukocytes sequestration and inflammatory responses by interfering with NFκB activation， protein expression of ICAM1 and therefore suppressing endothelial cells proadhesive phenotype.

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楊氏之子翻譯范文第2篇

言與文互融就是語言文字和人文思想的和諧統一。這就需要教師在章句和清議之間尋求平衡點和切入點，通過語言文字去體會文中的人文內涵，通過悟人文內涵促語言文字訓練的夯實，讓言與文互融，語言和人文共生。

一、煉言促文

文言文音韻優美，行文簡練，可畢竟是一種同實際語言脫離得越來越遠的特殊的書面語言，因此學生的閱讀障礙比較多。其中影響學生解“文”的最主要障礙是詞匯的理解。但如果教學中只注重“言的解讀”這一點，那么其中蘊含的古典美、人文美學生就很難領略到了。因此在教學中既要重視學生掌握一些基本的古漢語字詞句的知識，又要注重文本的整體把握，關注文章的篇章結構和表達方法，同時強調文本的思想情感和古代文化的傳承和熏陶。這也就是說，要在理解言的基礎上，結合文章語境積累文言，進而正確把握文本，步入作者的感情世界，與作者達成感情共鳴，使文言不分，文言并重。

1.正言通文路。《語文課程標準》指出：“誦讀古代詩詞，有意識地在積累、感悟和運用中提高自己的欣賞品位和審美情趣。”記誦詩詞散文名句佳篇，對于陶冶和豐富學生的人文精神有著重要作用，同時，它也能體現一個人的語文功底和精神底蘊。因此，文言文教學首要任務是在讀準言、讀通文中體味古文的韻味，不能未解其義、未悟其文就讓學生死記硬背。必須著力于記誦積累以悟文，要在反復、變化的誦讀中調動學生的興趣和情感，在觸摸語言韻味中與文本對話，逐漸進入文本的語境。第一，讀準字音，解決文字障礙。文言文中有些字的讀音異于現在的字音，但字音的確定還是有一些方法，這些方法需要傳授。有些字是通假字，那就要讀本字字音，有些字要根據文意來確定讀音，還有些特殊稱謂的讀音，就要讀它自己特定的讀音。第二，讀準句讀，讀順文意。讀清句讀、正確停頓是誦讀文言文的要求之一，更是文言文閱讀能力的重要體現。正確的停頓是為了準確、清楚地表達文章的思想內容，如果把握不好句子的停頓，很容易會錯文意。依句停頓：文言文中有些句子和現代文的句子構成的要素是一樣的，停頓時就可移用現代文朗讀的方法，如“梁國/楊氏子/九歲”；據文停頓：在朗讀文言文時，要根據語境理解文意，只有確切理解了文意，才能準確停頓，不能只看句子的外部特征，如“未聞/孔雀/是夫子家/禽”。語文學習是在認知基礎上體驗熏陶的過程，學生“活生生的體驗”及“自我的精神體驗”不是靠講解翻譯來代替完成的，而是靠反復的讀來沉潛涵泳。這樣課文的文意、文情、文趣都可以在鏗鏘的聲調中體現出來。

2.析言知文意。小學作為文言文閱讀的啟蒙階段，雖然所選的都是一些淺顯、有趣、有味的小短文，但也偶有古今詞義、語法表達不同之處，易和學生的原認知產生沖突，是難點所在。教師要善于言文融合，把這些沖突點轉化成探究點，幫助學生理解文意。如《楊氏之子》一文，稍一梳理不難發現，文中同一人物的不同稱呼和“家禽”是學生理解的難點所在。如文中的家禽與學生生活經驗中的家禽并不一致，在教學時讓學生先借助注釋嘗試讀懂課文，用講故事的方式反饋學生對文本內容的把握，在交流中點撥設問：“孔雀是家禽嗎？”引發學生思考討論，明晰家禽的意思及在朗讀時兩字之間需停頓。在這一過程中教師擯棄簡單的字義記錄、對等翻譯的機械教學方式，運用講故事的形式充分暴露學生對字、詞、句、文的理解障礙所在，繼而把難解的字詞還原到句子、文章里，在語境中讓他們自我解疑，既著眼于對言的理解，又著力在學生對文中語言內化后的自我表達，把言和文很好地雜糅在一起。

3.辨言明文旨。在文言文中，影響學生成長的決不是哪個文言詞或者句子的解釋翻譯，而是文章蘊含的深邃思想和語言的魅力，即古人讀書定要“其義自見”的東西。文言文字少意深，所要“見”的往往就藏于一字微言之中，需要教師慧眼識金，引導學生發現、比辨，體味其深藏的妙處與蘊意。如學生初讀《楊氏之子》，都會為楊小兒“以其人之道還治其人”的反擊而擊掌叫好。如果到此為止，那教學只關注了語言的藝術，卻忽視了文本的價值取向，有違文之本意。為讓學生讀透這語言藝術背后的真意，教師先出示兩句話：①未聞孔雀是夫子家禽。②孔雀是夫子家禽。再讓學生讀一讀，說說體會到了有什么不同。學生有從語氣上體會到第一句比較委婉，更有學生體會到第一句的意思并非是肯定的，而第二句的意思是肯定的……這時，教師順勢引導：你們能聯系孔君平的話再來品一品楊小兒的話到底是什么意思嗎？把你的理解用“如果……那么……”的句式寫下來。在交流中學生體味到了楊小兒的話中之意是：如果我和楊梅是一家子，那么夫子和孔雀也是一家子，反之亦然。至于事實是否如此全在于孔的認為，他把皮球踢回給了孔君平，不但有智而且有禮，實乃聰且慧。以上教學層層激疑，有意引導學生去比較、區分這些不同的精妙之處，在探究性閱讀和創造性閱讀中拓展思維空間，不但領略了文中語言的魅力，更正確把握了文章的主旨，提升了文言文教學的內涵。

二、賞文習言

教文言文，指導學生理解詞句的根本目的在于更準確、深入地把握文意；反過來說，把握了文意也可以更好地理解詞句。文章是作者思想情感、道德評價、文化素養、審美趣味等的“集成塊”，是一個活的整體，而不是各種語言材料的“堆積物”。文章語言之所以值得揣摩咀嚼，因為它是作者思想情感的載體，如果只著眼于詞句本身的學習，而忽視甚至舍棄了它所承載的豐富內容，結果必然連語言本身也不可能真正學好。把文言文作為文章（它本來就是文章）來教，就要遵循教讀文章的一般規律，處理好詞句和文章整體的關系，這不僅是學習文章的需要，也是更好地理解文言詞句的需要。

1.依文悟言，言文合一。品味感悟文章的語言，是引導學生理解作者情感思想最常用的教學方法。不同的文體決定了寫作語言的不同特點，不同的文體對寫作語言也有不同的要求。如曹丕所言：“奏議宜雅，書論宜理，名誄尚實，詩賦欲麗。”其實優秀的作品在語言創作時，都不自覺地將其文體意義發揮到了極致。從這個意義上說，引導學生根據文體把握文中最顯著的語言表達特征，也就是為他們學習語言打開了一條通道。《楊氏之子》和《兩小兒辯日》都是描寫古時小孩生活的有名篇章。兩文對小孩的語言描寫用詞細膩傳神，教師可以圍繞對話展開品讀教學，為學生展現一幅生動的生活場景，體會文言文的語言魅力。但由于兩文的重點又有區別，所以對對話揣摩理解的落腳點也應有一定的區別。《楊氏之子》一文選自《世說新語》。《世說新語》首先是言談軼事，然后才是小說。這就是說，《世說新語》的著眼點主要是“言語”，為了增強表述的生動性和形象性，才把言語加工成了小說的樣式。教學此文，對此文詞句的理解應該落在語言之“智”上。而《兩小兒辯日》是寓言，運用對話描寫的目的是要說明一個道理，所以對文中語言的理解要側重于“理”。文言文文體的多樣性和獨特性，賦予了課堂豐富多彩的教育內容和形式。通過不同文體的語言特征的把握，對準確掌握教學的尺度也有一定的指導意義，指導學生針對不同文體特點理解和把握文本，不管是對文章語言的理解，對文章的寫法、意蘊的體會，還是對學生閱讀能力的培養，都是很有幫助的。

楊氏之子翻譯范文第3篇

關鍵詞：小古文　目標　趣　教學方法

中圖分類號：G623.2　文獻標識碼：A　文章編號：1004-6097（2012）05-0059-02

作者簡介：柯向妹（1977―），女，福建泉州人，本科學歷，小學高級教師，福建泉州市泉港莊重文實驗小學語文教師。研究方向：閱讀與寫作。

小古文被稱為中華語文的“活化石”，不管是哪個版本的小學語文教材，均選編了經典小古文。根據新課程標準、小學生年齡特征及小古文的特點，激發學生對小古文學習的興趣就成了小古文教學目標的重中之重。那么，如何在教學過程中落實這一教學目標呢？筆者做了如下嘗試：

一、趣讀

誦讀是小古文教學的命脈。小古文的表達方式與現代文有所不同，更具音樂美、對稱美及節奏美，尤其適合誦讀。小古文的誦讀形式豐富多彩：除常見的分角色朗讀、配樂朗讀、男女生輪讀、創設情境讀外，還可古文今文對照讀、根據平仄音律讀、插圖補白讀、古文版文本和現代版文本對照讀……教師可以根據教學需要自由靈活地選擇。

著名特級教師戴建榮老師引導學生按照“平仄”規律吟誦詩文，深受學生歡迎。對于短小精悍的小古文，教者可以讓學生先用“―”“|”表示“平”“仄”，遵循音韻規律趣讀。如《鷸蚌相爭》語句的吟誦指導：

| ― ― | ― | ― ― | | ― ― ― ― |

蚌方出曝，而鷸啄其肉，蚌合而箝其喙。

這樣，既朗朗上口，又抑揚頓挫，詩文的節奏之美被淋漓盡致地表現了出來。學生興致勃勃地嘗試，在快樂的誦讀體驗中親近小古文。

二、趣品

品味主要是指用比較、揣摩的方法對文本的意蘊和妙處進行語感分析。小古文的詞、句、段高度凝練，內涵豐富，皆可納入品味范疇。

在《鷸蚌相爭》一文中通過比較，品味“箝”的精妙：

師：剛才有同學說“箝”就是“夾”的意思，那么直接把“夾”替換進句子，你們覺得怎么樣？

（學生思考，搖頭，但似乎說不出個所以然）

師：伸出你的手，試著做一做這兩個動作。

（學生伸出雙手，比劃著，若有所悟）

師：用一個詞來形容，可以說是――

（生的思路頓時打開，答案精彩紛呈：使勁地、用盡全身力氣地、牢牢地、竭盡全力、死死地等）

師：同學們都從力度上來回答，那么，從速度上來講，那是――

（生：迅速地、迅雷不及掩耳之勢、閃電般等）

師：孩子們，想想此時此刻鷸蚌的心情，那么，鷸蚌又會怎么“箝”呢？

（生：狠狠地、互不相讓、毫不示弱等）

師：是的，在文本中，牢牢地、死死地、費盡九牛二虎之力地、迅速地、互不相讓地，這樣的“夾”，就可以說是“箝”。一個小小的“箝”字，讓我們感受到了鷸蚌相爭的激烈程度及二者復雜的內心世界；一個小小的“箝”字，也讓我們感受到了古人用字的精準與獨到。

通過“箝”和“夾”的比較品味，挖出了“箝”中無限的精彩，激發了學生學習興趣的同時也帶領學生領略了古文所傳遞的情感和語言的魅力，在不知不覺中落實了教學目標。

三、趣拓

選編入教材的小古文大多出自《論語》《戰國策》《韓非子》等經典，所選編的小古文背后或有膾炙人口的故事，或蘊涵著深刻的哲理，或在謀篇布局、細節描寫等寫作方法方面有精妙之處可挖掘。“教育不是灌滿一桶水，而是點燃一團火”（葉芝語），教師要適當取舍，巧妙拓展，開闊學生視野，努力點燃學生學習小古文及課外閱讀的興趣之火。

內容方面的拓展。《鷸蚌相爭》一文，學生反復品讀感悟后，教師可告訴學生這則小小的寓言曾經制止了一場戰爭。在學生迫切想深入了解之時，把《鷸蚌相爭》在《戰國策》中的原文呈現出來，讓學生思考：為什么聽了蘇代的話后，趙惠王就消除了攻打燕國的念頭？適當的拓展，讓學生進一步體會到寓言的特點及魅力，也體現了古文濃濃的文化味。

寫作方法的拓展。著名特級教師林莘老師執教《東施效顰》一文時，拋出“你怎么知道東施長得丑”這一話題，引導學生潛心會文，討論交流，學習“側面描寫”的方法，并適時引入《陌上桑》內容：“行者見羅敷……但坐觀羅敷”，體會側面描寫之精妙。

情感升華的拓展。《伯牙絕弦》一文，學生感受伯牙與鐘子期的情誼后，配樂誦讀悲痛欲絕的伯牙在子期墓前寫下的短歌，學生深深地被這曠世“知音”之情感染，升華了情感，陶冶了情操。

四、趣說

不同版本的教材均為學生了解文言文內容提供了一定的幫助，如北師大版教材直接附譯文，人教版教材附注釋等，這也為學生的想象提供了很大的空間。教師要善于鼓勵學生發揮想象，挑戰教材，在理解的基礎上，把文言文翻譯、創造得更生動有趣，甚至超越教材。如《鷸蚌相爭》一文中“蚌方出曝，而鷸啄其肉，蚌合而箝其喙”一句，學生展開豐富的想象進行趣說：“一只河蚌張開殼兒在河灘上懶洋洋地曬著太陽，嘴里還哼著小曲兒，瞧，它多么愜意呀！有只鷸循聲望去，一陣激動：啊哈哈，我的美餐！它以迅雷不及掩耳之勢把嘴伸到蚌殼兒里去啄肉。歌聲戛然而止，突如其來的情況讓河蚌猝不及防，它急忙把殼兒合上，牢牢地夾住鷸的嘴不放。”這樣的趣說，通過豐富的想象把文本創造性地讀“長”了，訓練了學生的口語表達能力，同時也培養了學生的創造想象能力。

五、趣演

小古文中人物形象很鮮明，比如《楊氏之子》中聰慧的孩子，《兩小兒辯日》中活潑可愛的小兒和謙虛謹慎、實事求是的孔子，《鄭人買履》中迂腐的鄭人等。教學中引導學生走近文本中的人物，討論揣摩人物的語言、動作、心理等，試著辯一辯，演一演，激發興趣，領會主旨。《鷸蚌相爭》一文中，鷸蚌相爭可謂達到了你死我活的白熱化程度。教師讓學生組內分好角色，合作表演“鷸蚌相爭，漁翁得利”，學生情緒高漲。

表演中，學生感受到強烈的對比：那樣你死我活的激烈爭斗，到頭來卻是雙雙失去性命的可悲下場，這兩個場景鮮明而突兀地呈現在眼前，學生情緒被充分調動起來，在哈哈大笑之余觸發深深的思考，心靈受到震撼。

六、趣“得意”