楊氏之子翻譯

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楊氏之子翻譯范文第1篇

【摘要】 目的： 探討外源性一氧化碳釋放分子對(duì)膿毒癥炎癥反應(yīng)的抑制作用及可能的機(jī)制。方法： 應(yīng)用盲腸結(jié)扎及穿孔膿毒癥小鼠模型，使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子（CORM2， 8 mg/kg 體質(zhì)量，尾靜脈注射）進(jìn)行干預(yù)。檢測(cè)肝、肺臟髓過(guò)氧化物酶(MPO) 活性。應(yīng)用內(nèi)毒素(LPS，10 g/ml)刺激的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞炎癥模型，使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子（ CORM2，10～100 mol/L）進(jìn)行干預(yù)。檢測(cè)核因子κB （NFκB）活性， 內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附分子的表達(dá)，氧化產(chǎn)物、NO產(chǎn)物以及多形核白細(xì)胞對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附作用。 結(jié)果： 盲腸結(jié)扎及穿孔膿毒癥小鼠模型使用外源性一氧化碳釋放分子干預(yù)后肝、肺組織MPO活性明顯下降。CORM2 抑制了LPS刺激導(dǎo)致的 NFκB活性上調(diào)。 同時(shí)，NO產(chǎn)物下降，內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞ICAM1的表達(dá)抑制，白細(xì)胞對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附作用明顯抑制。結(jié)論： 外源性一氧化碳釋放分子通過(guò)抑制NFκB 活性，抑制ICAM1 蛋白和NO的表達(dá)，抑制白細(xì)胞對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附作用，進(jìn)而有效抑制膿毒癥炎癥反應(yīng)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 一氧化碳； 盲腸結(jié)扎及穿孔； 炎癥反應(yīng)； 核因子κB

CLP (cecal ligation and puncture) may induce the activation of an inflammatory cascade， cause damage to multiple organs distant from the original burn wound and may lead to sepsis and multiple organ failure［1］.There have been several reports indicating that the inflammatory response syndrome， which contributes to oxidative cell/tissue damage， might frequently be accompanied by leukocyte sequestration in many important organ systems in the body［2］.The increase of production of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is closely associated with activation of leukocytes and macrophages which were sequestrated in the tissue［3，4］.

Leukocytes sequestration and their subsequent infiltration in organ tissue can cause leukocyte activation and contribute to vascular damage and the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.As the prerequisite， activation of leukocytes and endothelial cells results in aggregation of leukocytes， platelets and erythrocytes in vivo.This may favor disseminated intravasal coagulation and further multiple organ failure.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been known in biology and medicine as a toxic compound， due to its ability to bind hemoglobin with a much higher affinity than oxygen［5］.Evidence accumulated to date suggests that endogenous carbon monoxide (CO)， a biproduct of inducible heme oxygenase (HO1) can modulate inflammation， inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced production of cytokines both in vivo and in vitro， and consequently exhibits important cytoprotective function and antiinflammatory properties that are beneficial for the resolution of acute inflammation［6-8］.Inhaled CO at concentrations of 250～500 parts per million (ppm) has also been shown to be beneficial in a number of lung injury models， including hyperoxic injury［9，10］ allergeninduced inflammation［11］.

Recently， transitional metal carbonyls have been identified as potential COreleasing molecules (CORMs) with the potential to facilitate the pharmaceutical use of CO by delivering it to tissues and organs［12］.CORMs have been shown to act pharmacologically in rat aortic and cardiac tissue where liberation of CO produced vasorelaxant effects［13-16］ and decreased myocardial ischemiareperfusion damage［17，18］ in the absence of dramatic changes in blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels.

On the basis of these data， the present study was， therefore， designed as a prospective laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (Ⅱ) dimer (CORM2)， one of the novel group of CORMs， on attenuation of leukocyte sequestration and decrease of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the organs of CLPinduced mice and LPSinduced HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)， and discussed the possible molecular mechanisms.

1 Material and methods

1.1 Materials

Medium 199 (M199)， fetal calf serum (FCS)， penicillin， and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO BRL (Gland Island， NY).Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM2) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich and solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain a 10 mmol/L stock.LPS(Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5) was purchased from Sigma.AntiICAM1 polyclonal antibody was purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington， KY).Antimouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was purchased from Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories (Gaithersburg， MD).

1.2 Animals

The C57BL/6 mice［male， N=21; bw (20± 2)g］ were fed a standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum.Mice were assigned to three groups in three respective experiments.In each experiment， mice in sham group (n=7) were underwent sham procedure， whereas mice in CLP group (n=7) received cecal ligation and puncture and mice in CORM2 group (n=7) underwent the same injury with immediate administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg， i.v.).The concentration of CORM2 used in the present study was based on a previous report in of the use of this compound in mice［19］ and the preliminary experiments in our lab by measuring dynamic COHb levels and peak levels which did not averaged 15%±5% above normal levels.The experimental protocol was approved by The Council on Animal Care at Jiangsu University on the protection and the welfare of animals and met National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals.

1.2.1 CLP Mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in oxygen via a facemask.A 1to 2 cm midline incision was made through the abdominal wall; the cecum was identified and ligated with a 3-0 silk tie 1 cm from the tip.Care was taken not to cause bowel obstruction.A single puncture of the cecal wall was performed with a 20gauge needle.The cecum was lightly squeezed to express a small amount of stool from the puncture site to assure a fullthickness perforation.Great care was taken to preserve continuity of flow between the small and large bowels.Inspection of mice at various intervals after CLP did not reveal evidence of bowel obstruction.The cecum was returned to the abdominal cavity， and the incision was closed with surgiclips.Sham mice underwent anesthesia and midline laparotomy; the cecum was exteriorized and returned to the abdomen， and the wound was closed with surgiclips.Mice received injection of CORM2 (8.0 mg/kg， i.v.) immediately after CLP.Control mice received 160 μl 0.5% DMSOnormal saline in the same regimen.Measurement of MPO in the liver was performed at 24 h after CLP.

1.2.2 MPO activity MPO activity as an assessment of neutrophil influx was measured according to established protocols［20］.In brief， tissue was homogenized in 0.5 ml of 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 10，000 r/min at 4℃ for 30 min.The remaining pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of 50 mmol/L potassium buffer pH 6.0 with 0.5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide， sonicated on ice， and then centrifuged at 12，000 r/min at 4℃ for 10 min.Supernatants were then assayed at a 1∶20 dilution in reaction buffer containing 50 mmol/L PB， 530 mmol/L odianisidine， and 20 mmol/L H2O2 solution.One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of MPO present that caused a change in absorbance measured at 460 nm for 3 min.MPO activity was expressed as U/g tissue.

1.3 Cells

1.3.1 Isolation and culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were harvested from the fresh human umbilical vein of newborns by collagenase treatment (Worthington Biochem， Freehold， NJ) as previously described［21］.The cells were grown in medium 199(M199; GIBCO， Burlington， Canada) supplemented with 10% heatinactivated FCS (Intergen， Purchase， NY)， 2.4 mg/L thymidine (Sigma Chemical， Oakville， Canada)， 10 IU/ml heparin sodium， antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin; GIBCO)， 1.5 μg/ml fungizone (GIBCO)，and 80 μg/ml endothelial mitogen (Biomedical chnologies， Stoughten， MA).The cell cultures were incubated in room air with 5% CO2 at 37℃ and 95% humidity and were expanded by brief trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin in PBS containing 0.025% EDTA.The experiments were conducted on passage 3 HUVEC.After 18 h， the medium was changed to 500 μl of fresh complete M199.Cells were stimulated with LPS (10 g/ml).After treatment for 4 h， the cells and medium were harvested separately.

1.3.2 PMN adhesion assays Human neutrophilic PMN were isolated from the venous blood of healthy adults using standard dextran sedimentation and gradient separation on Histopaque1077.This procedure yields a PMN population that is 95%～98% viable (trypan blue exclusion) and 98% pure (acetic acidcrystal violet staining).

For the static adhesion assay， isolated neutrophils were suspended in PBS buffer and radiolabeled by incubating the cells at 5×107 cells/ml with 50 μCi Na51CrO4/ml PMN suspension at 37℃ for 60 min.The cells were then washed with cold PBS to remove unincorporated radioactivity.Radiolabeled PMN (5×105/well) were added to HUVEC monolayers grown in 48well plates (Costar)， and 30 min later the percentage of added PMN that remained adherent after a wash procedure was quantitated as follows: %PMN adherence = lysate (cpm)/［supernatant (cpm) + wash (cpm) + lysate (cpm)］， where cpm is counts per minute.

1.3.3 Oxidant production Oxidant production within HUVEC was assessed by measuring the oxidation of intracellular dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123; Molecular Probes， Inc.)， an oxidantsensitive fluorochrome， as described previously［22］.Briefly， the cells were treated with DHR 123 (5 mmol/L) for 1 h before being subjected to LPS stimulation.After LPS stimulation the cells were washed with PBS， lysed， and DHR 123 oxidation was assessed spectrofluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 502 and 523 nm， respectively.

1.3.4 Nitric oxide production NO production by HUVEC was assessed by measuring the fluorescence of 4amino5methylamino2′，7′difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAFFM diacetate)， a specific NO probe (Molecular Probes， Inc.)［23］.Briefly， DAFFM diacetate (10 mmol/L) in M199 was added to the HUVEC 1h before the LPS stimulation.After LPS stimulation， the HUVEC and supernatants were collected and analyzed spectrofluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 nm and 515 nm， respectively.

1.3.5 SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting were performed as described previously［24］.Samples (10 μg of protein) were subjected to electrophoresis on 7% (for ICAM1) SDSpolyacrylamide gels， with the use of the discontinuous system and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes.The membranes were probed with antiICAM1 monoclonal antibody (1∶2 500).Antimouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (1∶2 500) was used as a secondary antibody.The bands were visualized by the use of ECL reagent and Hyperfilm ECL (Amersham， Arlington Heights， IL) as described by the manufacturer.Films were scanned using a flatbed scanner and the bands were quantified using Basic Quantifier software (Bio Image， Ann Arbor， MI)， an image analysis program， on computer.

1.3.6 HUVEC nuclear protein extraction and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) Nuclear protein was extracted from HUVEC as previously described［25］.Cells were grown to confluence in Petridish， scraped， washed with cold PBS， and incubated in 150 μl of buffer E(+) (0.3% Nonidet P40， 10 mmol/L Tris (pH 8.0)， 60 mmol/L NaCl， 1 mmol/L EDTA， 0.5 mmol/L dithiothreitol (DTT)， 1 μg/ml aprotinin， 1 μg/ml leupeptin， and 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ) for 5 min on ice.Samples were centrifuged at 4℃ for 5 min at 500 r/min.The supernatant was then removed， and the pellets (nuclei) were resuspended in 150 μl of buffer E (10 mmol/L Tris (pH 8.0)， 60 mmol/L NaCl， 1 mmol/L EDTA， and 0.5 mmol/L DTT) and centrifuged at 500 r/min for 5 min at 4℃.The nuclei were then extracted in 30～50 μl of buffer E(c)(20 mmol/L HEPES， 0.75 mmol/L spermidine， 0.15 mmol/L spermine， 0.2 mmol/L EDTA， 2 mmol/L EGTA， 2 mmol/L DTT， 20% glycerol， and 1 mmol/L PMSF (4 ℃) in the presence of 0.4 mol/L NaCl) and were incubated on ice for 20 min.Finally， the samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 500 r/min (4℃)， and the supernatants were collected and saved as the nuclear protein fraction.Samples were stored at -80℃.

The doublestranded oligonucleotide containing consensus (58AGGGACTTCCGCTGGGGACTTTCC38) binding sites for NFκB (synthesized on site; BeckmanOligo 1 000 mol/L DNA synthesizer) were endlabeled with［γ-32P］ATP (Amersham) by using T4polynucleotide kinase (MBI Fermentas， Flamborough， ON)， as described previously［25］ .One picomole of the labeled oligonucleotide was incubated with 5 μg of nuclear extract protein in the presence or absence of 50×excess of cold oligonucleotide.Samples were incubated for 30 min at room temperature and then run through a 4% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel at 280 V for 45～60 min.The gel was dried and then exposed to Xray film (Kodak) in cassettes for 2～4 h at -80℃ with intensifying screens.

1.3.7 Cell ELISA For assessment of ICAM1 surface expression level， an ELISA was performed［26］ on HUVEC grown in 96well cell culture plates (Corning).HUVEC were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4℃ for 30 min.The cells were then washed two times with cold PBS and were incubated with the mouse primary monoclonal antibody (MAb) against human ICAM1 (Dako) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml for 1 h at room temperature.After this treatment， immunocytochemical staining of HUVEC monolayers was performed using an avidinbiotinconjugated peroxidase mouse IgG staining kit (Vectastain)， and MAb binding was subsequently quantified with a microplate reader (model 3550UV; BioRad) at 450 nm wavelength.

1.4 Statistical Analysis

All of the values are presented as means ± SE.Statistical analysis was performed with the use of ANOVA and Student′s ttest for the comparisons.A value of P

2 Results

2.1 Effect of CORM2 on MPO activity in lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

To determine whether CLPinduced increase in PMN accumulation in the lung and liver was effectively prevented by CORM2， the activity of MPO， an enzyme in azurophilic granules of neutrophils， was assessed.Extracts of the organs samples were examined for content of MPO at 24 h after CLP injury.MPO activity in organs obtained from CLPinduced mice was markedly increased compared to sham (P< 0.01)， while it significantly decreased by treatment with CORM2 (Fig.1).

Fig 1 Effects of CORM2 on MPO activity in the

lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

Mice were injected (i.v.) with CORM2 (8 mg/kg) immediately after CLP challenging.Sham mice received 160 μl bolus injection of 0.5% DMSO/saline.MPO activities in the lung and liver were assessed 24 h following CLP.Results are mean ± SE of three experiments (three mice per group)， *P

2.2 Effect of CORM2 on expression of ICAM1 in the lung and liver of CLPchallenged mice

At 24 h after CLP induction， the expression of ICAM1 in lung and liver tissues significantly increased compared to the sham animals.In vivo administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg， i.v.)， expression of ICAM1 was significantly decreased (Fig.2)

Fig 2 Effects of CORM2 on protein expression of ICAM1

in the liver and lung of CLPinduced mice

Mice were challenged with CLP and treated with CORM2 as described in Fig.1.Protein expression of ICAM1 was performed by western blotting at 24 h after CLP.Results are mean ± SE.*P

2.3 Effect of CORM2 on activities of NFκB in lung and liver tissue of CLPchallenged mice

Binding activities of nuclear protein to the radiolabeled consensus binding sequences of NFκB was assessed by EMSA.At 24 h after CLP induction， the NFκB activation in lung and liver was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by in vivo administration of CORM2 (8 mg/kg，i.v.) (Fig.3).

Fig 3 Effects of CORM2 on NFκB activation in the lung

and liver of CLPinduced mice (EMSA)

Mice were challenged with CLP and treated with CORM2 as described in Fig.1.Measurement of NFκB activity was performed by mobility shift assay (EMSA) with 32Plabeled NFκB probe and 5 μg of nuclear extract from liver of sham， CLP and CLP+CORM2 mice at 24 h after CLP.

2.4 Effect of CORM2 on intracellular production of ROS and NO in HUVEC stimulated by LPS

As shown in Fig.4a， the LPS stimulation resulted in a significant increase in HUVEC oxidant production.Treated HUVEC with different concentration of CORM2 induced less DHR oxidation compared to the LPS with a concentrationdependent manner.As shown in Fig.4b， HUVEC produced significantly more NO during the LPS stimulation as compared to control.HUVEC significantly decreased their NO production after treatment with CORM2 as a concentrationdependent manner.

Fig 4 Effects of CORM2 on intracellular production of

ROS and NO in LPSstimulated HUVEC

HUVEC were grown to confluence in 48well cell culture plates and loaded with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) or diaminofluoresceinFM (DAFFM) for 1 h.Subsequently， HUVEC were stimulated with LPS (10 μg/ml) for 4 h in the presence or absence of CORM2 (10， 50， 100 μmol/L).Oxidative stress (DHR123 oxidation) (a) and NO production (DAFFM nitration) (b) were assessed.All values are expressed as mean ± SE (n=4).*P

2.5 Effect of CORM2 on ICAM1 expression in LPSstimulated HUVEC (cell ELISA and Western blotting)

At 24 h after LPS stimulation， the expression of ICAM1 in HUVEC significantly increased compared to the control.At the present of CORM2 (10，50 and 100 μmol/L)， expression of ICAM1 (Fig.5a， ELISA and 5b， Western blotting) was significantly decreased.

All values are expressed as mean ± SE (n=4).*P

Fig 5 Effects of CORM2 on ICAM1 expression in LPS

stimulated HUVEC (cell ELISA and Western blotting)

2.6 Effect of CORM2 on activities of NFκB in LPSchallenged HUVEC

Binding activities of nuclear protein to the radiolabeled consensus binding sequences of NFκB was assessed by EMSA.At 4 h after LPS stimulation， the NFκB activation in HUVEC was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by administration of CORM2 with a concentrationdependent manner (Fig.6).

Fig 6 Effects of CORM2 on NFκB activation in LPS

stimulatedHUVEC (EMSA)

At 4 h after LPS stimulation， the NFκB activation in HUVEC was markedly increased and this activity was inhibited by administration of CORM2 with a concentrationdependent manner.

2.7 Effect of CORM2 on PMN adhesion to HUVEC stimulated by LPS

As shown in Fig.7， adhesion of PMN to HUVEC is low in control.After monolayer of endothelial cells were stimulated by LPS for 4 h， adhesion of PMN to HUVEC significantly increased (P

Confluent monolayers of HUVEC were incubated with LPS (10 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of CORM2 (10， 50 and 100 μmol/L) for 4 h followed by PMN addition in the well.PMN adherence was determined.All values are expressed as means ± SE (n=3).*P< 0.01 compared to control; ﹟P< 0.05 compared to LPS.

Fig 7 Effect of CORM2 on PMN adhesion to

LPSstimulated HUVEC

3 Discussion

Sepsis is a common and serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic infection leading to a systemic inflammatory response， which frequently occurs after hemorrhage， trauma， burn， or abdominal surgery.It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in severely ill patients［27］.Although some information has been generated from the LPS injection studies， LPS injection is an adequate model of endotoxemia and can not precisely mimic the changes observed during sepsis.On the other hand， cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model seems to resemble qualitatively as well as quantitatively the clinical observations of vascular reactivity and inflammation during polymicrobial peritonitis， bacteremia， and systemic sepsis［28］.Therefore， the aim of this study is to evaluate the possible role of CORMderived CO in CLPinduced sepsis.

Many experimental studies have highlighted the specific and independent role of exogenous CO in the modulation of inflammation［29， 30］.As a new metal carbonylbased compounds， COreleasing moleculars (CORMs) have the ability to release CO in biological systems.The vasoactive， antihypertensive and antirejection effects of CORMs have been demonstrated to be due to the CO liberated by the compounds.CORM2， a DMSOsoluble CORM， also has exhibited antiinflammatory actions in an in vitro model of LPSstimulated macrophages［31］.Therefore， the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CORM2 on the dynamics of leukocytes sequestration in the lung and liver， and on the decrease of ROS and NO production in the LPSstimulated HUVEC.

Leukocytes sequestration and their subsequent infiltration in lung and liver tissues can cause leukocyte activation and contribute to vascular damage and the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme that is found predominantly in the azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).Tissue MPO activity is frequently utilized to estimate tissue PMN accumulation in inflamed tissues and correlates significantly with the number of PMN determined histochemically in tissues［32］ .In the present study， we found that tissue MPO activity was markedly elevated after CLP and in vivo administration of CORM2 led to the significantly downregulation of MPO activity.This indicated that CORM2 effectively prevents PMN chemotaxis and infiltration in the tissue after CLP， consequently decreased the production of oxidants， reduced tissue oxidative injury.

The direct cause of leukocytes sequestration after CLP is considered to be the more expression of adhesion molecule (ICAM1).ICAM1 activates leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs)， which in turn prompt the release of various inflammatory mediators， resulting in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)， acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS)［33-35］.The present results showed that at 24 h postCLP， the expression levels of ICAM1 in lung and liver tissue were markedly upregulated.In vivo administration of CORM2 was able to inhibit the upregulation of ICAM1 induced by CLP.In addition， CORM2 also inhibits the increase of ICAM1 expression in LPSstimulated HUVEC.In parallel， the results of in vitro experiments showed that LPS stimulation caused significant increase of PMNs adhesion to HUVEC， CORM2 treatment effectively prevented this increase.

There is no doubt that the nuclear factor

κB(NFκB) is a ubiquitous， rapidly acting transcription factor involved in immune and inflammatory reactions， it exerts its immune and inflammatory response by regulating expression of cytokines， chemokines， cell adhesion molecules， and growth factors［36，37］.In this study， NFκB activities in lung and liver tissue and in LPSstimulated HUVEC were elevated by CLP while it was markedly inhibited by administration of CORM2.These data showed that CORM2 plays a pivotal role in inhibition of NFκB activity， subsequently decreased the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM1) and CLPinduced proinflammatory mediators.Therefore， an effective therapeutic strategy that inhibit this transcription factor would be expected to improve organ functions after CLP.

In summary， the present studies serve to clarify the role of CORM2， one of the novel COreleasing molecules， on the mechanisms of attenuation of leukocyte sequestration.Application of CORM2 on CLP mice attenuated PMNs accumulation， prevented activation of NFκB， and subsequently decreased the production of inflammatory mediators in the lung and liver.This was accompanied by a decrease of the expression of ICAM1.In parallel， expression of ICAM1， PMN adhesion to HUVEC stimulated by LPS were markedly decreased after CORM2treatment.Taken together these findings indicate that CORMreleased CO attenuates leukocytes sequestration and inflammatory responses by interfering with NFκB activation， protein expression of ICAM1 and therefore suppressing endothelial cells proadhesive phenotype.

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楊氏之子翻譯范文第2篇

言與文互融就是語(yǔ)言文字和人文思想的和諧統(tǒng)一。這就需要教師在章句和清議之間尋求平衡點(diǎn)和切入點(diǎn)，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言文字去體會(huì)文中的人文內(nèi)涵，通過(guò)悟人文內(nèi)涵促語(yǔ)言文字訓(xùn)練的夯實(shí)，讓言與文互融，語(yǔ)言和人文共生。

一、煉言促文

文言文音韻優(yōu)美，行文簡(jiǎn)練，可畢竟是一種同實(shí)際語(yǔ)言脫離得越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)的特殊的書(shū)面語(yǔ)言，因此學(xué)生的閱讀障礙比較多。其中影響學(xué)生解“文”的最主要障礙是詞匯的理解。但如果教學(xué)中只注重“言的解讀”這一點(diǎn)，那么其中蘊(yùn)含的古典美、人文美學(xué)生就很難領(lǐng)略到了。因此在教學(xué)中既要重視學(xué)生掌握一些基本的古漢語(yǔ)字詞句的知識(shí)，又要注重文本的整體把握，關(guān)注文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)文本的思想情感和古代文化的傳承和熏陶。這也就是說(shuō)，要在理解言的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章語(yǔ)境積累文言，進(jìn)而正確把握文本，步入作者的感情世界，與作者達(dá)成感情共鳴，使文言不分，文言并重。

1.正言通文路。《語(yǔ)文課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出：“誦讀古代詩(shī)詞，有意識(shí)地在積累、感悟和運(yùn)用中提高自己的欣賞品位和審美情趣。”記誦詩(shī)詞散文名句佳篇，對(duì)于陶冶和豐富學(xué)生的人文精神有著重要作用，同時(shí)，它也能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)文功底和精神底蘊(yùn)。因此，文言文教學(xué)首要任務(wù)是在讀準(zhǔn)言、讀通文中體味古文的韻味，不能未解其義、未悟其文就讓學(xué)生死記硬背。必須著力于記誦積累以悟文，要在反復(fù)、變化的誦讀中調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的興趣和情感，在觸摸語(yǔ)言韻味中與文本對(duì)話，逐漸進(jìn)入文本的語(yǔ)境。第一，讀準(zhǔn)字音，解決文字障礙。文言文中有些字的讀音異于現(xiàn)在的字音，但字音的確定還是有一些方法，這些方法需要傳授。有些字是通假字，那就要讀本字字音，有些字要根據(jù)文意來(lái)確定讀音，還有些特殊稱謂的讀音，就要讀它自己特定的讀音。第二，讀準(zhǔn)句讀，讀順文意。讀清句讀、正確停頓是誦讀文言文的要求之一，更是文言文閱讀能力的重要體現(xiàn)。正確的停頓是為了準(zhǔn)確、清楚地表達(dá)文章的思想內(nèi)容，如果把握不好句子的停頓，很容易會(huì)錯(cuò)文意。依句停頓：文言文中有些句子和現(xiàn)代文的句子構(gòu)成的要素是一樣的，停頓時(shí)就可移用現(xiàn)代文朗讀的方法，如“梁國(guó)/楊氏子/九歲”；據(jù)文停頓：在朗讀文言文時(shí)，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境理解文意，只有確切理解了文意，才能準(zhǔn)確停頓，不能只看句子的外部特征，如“未聞/孔雀/是夫子家/禽”。語(yǔ)文學(xué)習(xí)是在認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)上體驗(yàn)熏陶的過(guò)程，學(xué)生“活生生的體驗(yàn)”及“自我的精神體驗(yàn)”不是靠講解翻譯來(lái)代替完成的，而是靠反復(fù)的讀來(lái)沉潛涵泳。這樣課文的文意、文情、文趣都可以在鏗鏘的聲調(diào)中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

2.析言知文意。小學(xué)作為文言文閱讀的啟蒙階段，雖然所選的都是一些淺顯、有趣、有味的小短文，但也偶有古今詞義、語(yǔ)法表達(dá)不同之處，易和學(xué)生的原認(rèn)知產(chǎn)生沖突，是難點(diǎn)所在。教師要善于言文融合，把這些沖突點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化成探究點(diǎn)，幫助學(xué)生理解文意。如《楊氏之子》一文，稍一梳理不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，文中同一人物的不同稱呼和“家禽”是學(xué)生理解的難點(diǎn)所在。如文中的家禽與學(xué)生生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)中的家禽并不一致，在教學(xué)時(shí)讓學(xué)生先借助注釋嘗試讀懂課文，用講故事的方式反饋學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容的把握，在交流中點(diǎn)撥設(shè)問(wèn)：“孔雀是家禽嗎？”引發(fā)學(xué)生思考討論，明晰家禽的意思及在朗讀時(shí)兩字之間需停頓。在這一過(guò)程中教師擯棄簡(jiǎn)單的字義記錄、對(duì)等翻譯的機(jī)械教學(xué)方式，運(yùn)用講故事的形式充分暴露學(xué)生對(duì)字、詞、句、文的理解障礙所在，繼而把難解的字詞還原到句子、文章里，在語(yǔ)境中讓他們自我解疑，既著眼于對(duì)言的理解，又著力在學(xué)生對(duì)文中語(yǔ)言內(nèi)化后的自我表達(dá)，把言和文很好地雜糅在一起。

3.辨言明文旨。在文言文中，影響學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)的決不是哪個(gè)文言詞或者句子的解釋翻譯，而是文章蘊(yùn)含的深邃思想和語(yǔ)言的魅力，即古人讀書(shū)定要“其義自見(jiàn)”的東西。文言文字少意深，所要“見(jiàn)”的往往就藏于一字微言之中，需要教師慧眼識(shí)金，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、比辨，體味其深藏的妙處與蘊(yùn)意。如學(xué)生初讀《楊氏之子》，都會(huì)為楊小兒“以其人之道還治其人”的反擊而擊掌叫好。如果到此為止，那教學(xué)只關(guān)注了語(yǔ)言的藝術(shù)，卻忽視了文本的價(jià)值取向，有違文之本意。為讓學(xué)生讀透這語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)背后的真意，教師先出示兩句話：①未聞孔雀是夫子家禽。②孔雀是夫子家禽。再讓學(xué)生讀一讀，說(shuō)說(shuō)體會(huì)到了有什么不同。學(xué)生有從語(yǔ)氣上體會(huì)到第一句比較委婉，更有學(xué)生體會(huì)到第一句的意思并非是肯定的，而第二句的意思是肯定的……這時(shí)，教師順勢(shì)引導(dǎo)：你們能聯(lián)系孔君平的話再來(lái)品一品楊小兒的話到底是什么意思嗎？把你的理解用“如果……那么……”的句式寫(xiě)下來(lái)。在交流中學(xué)生體味到了楊小兒的話中之意是：如果我和楊梅是一家子，那么夫子和孔雀也是一家子，反之亦然。至于事實(shí)是否如此全在于孔的認(rèn)為，他把皮球踢回給了孔君平，不但有智而且有禮，實(shí)乃聰且慧。以上教學(xué)層層激疑，有意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去比較、區(qū)分這些不同的精妙之處，在探究性閱讀和創(chuàng)造性閱讀中拓展思維空間，不但領(lǐng)略了文中語(yǔ)言的魅力，更正確把握了文章的主旨，提升了文言文教學(xué)的內(nèi)涵。

二、賞文習(xí)言

教文言文，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解詞句的根本目的在于更準(zhǔn)確、深入地把握文意；反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)，把握了文意也可以更好地理解詞句。文章是作者思想情感、道德評(píng)價(jià)、文化素養(yǎng)、審美趣味等的“集成塊”，是一個(gè)活的整體，而不是各種語(yǔ)言材料的“堆積物”。文章語(yǔ)言之所以值得揣摩咀嚼，因?yàn)樗亲髡咚枷肭楦械妮d體，如果只著眼于詞句本身的學(xué)習(xí)，而忽視甚至舍棄了它所承載的豐富內(nèi)容，結(jié)果必然連語(yǔ)言本身也不可能真正學(xué)好。把文言文作為文章（它本來(lái)就是文章）來(lái)教，就要遵循教讀文章的一般規(guī)律，處理好詞句和文章整體的關(guān)系，這不僅是學(xué)習(xí)文章的需要，也是更好地理解文言詞句的需要。

1.依文悟言，言文合一。品味感悟文章的語(yǔ)言，是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解作者情感思想最常用的教學(xué)方法。不同的文體決定了寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言的不同特點(diǎn)，不同的文體對(duì)寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言也有不同的要求。如曹丕所言：“奏議宜雅，書(shū)論宜理，名誄尚實(shí)，詩(shī)賦欲麗。”其實(shí)優(yōu)秀的作品在語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)作時(shí)，都不自覺(jué)地將其文體意義發(fā)揮到了極致。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)文體把握文中最顯著的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)特征，也就是為他們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言打開(kāi)了一條通道。《楊氏之子》和《兩小兒辯日》都是描寫(xiě)古時(shí)小孩生活的有名篇章。兩文對(duì)小孩的語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)用詞細(xì)膩傳神，教師可以圍繞對(duì)話展開(kāi)品讀教學(xué)，為學(xué)生展現(xiàn)一幅生動(dòng)的生活場(chǎng)景，體會(huì)文言文的語(yǔ)言魅力。但由于兩文的重點(diǎn)又有區(qū)別，所以對(duì)對(duì)話揣摩理解的落腳點(diǎn)也應(yīng)有一定的區(qū)別。《楊氏之子》一文選自《世說(shuō)新語(yǔ)》。《世說(shuō)新語(yǔ)》首先是言談?shì)W事，然后才是小說(shuō)。這就是說(shuō)，《世說(shuō)新語(yǔ)》的著眼點(diǎn)主要是“言語(yǔ)”，為了增強(qiáng)表述的生動(dòng)性和形象性，才把言語(yǔ)加工成了小說(shuō)的樣式。教學(xué)此文，對(duì)此文詞句的理解應(yīng)該落在語(yǔ)言之“智”上。而《兩小兒辯日》是寓言，運(yùn)用對(duì)話描寫(xiě)的目的是要說(shuō)明一個(gè)道理，所以對(duì)文中語(yǔ)言的理解要側(cè)重于“理”。文言文文體的多樣性和獨(dú)特性，賦予了課堂豐富多彩的教育內(nèi)容和形式。通過(guò)不同文體的語(yǔ)言特征的把握，對(duì)準(zhǔn)確掌握教學(xué)的尺度也有一定的指導(dǎo)意義，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生針對(duì)不同文體特點(diǎn)理解和把握文本，不管是對(duì)文章語(yǔ)言的理解，對(duì)文章的寫(xiě)法、意蘊(yùn)的體會(huì)，還是對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)，都是很有幫助的。

楊氏之子翻譯范文第3篇

關(guān)鍵詞：小古文　目標(biāo)　趣　教學(xué)方法

中圖分類號(hào)：G623.2　文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A　文章編號(hào)：1004-6097（2012）05-0059-02

作者簡(jiǎn)介：柯向妹（1977―），女，福建泉州人，本科學(xué)歷，小學(xué)高級(jí)教師，福建泉州市泉港莊重文實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)語(yǔ)文教師。研究方向：閱讀與寫(xiě)作。

小古文被稱為中華語(yǔ)文的“活化石”，不管是哪個(gè)版本的小學(xué)語(yǔ)文教材，均選編了經(jīng)典小古文。根據(jù)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、小學(xué)生年齡特征及小古文的特點(diǎn)，激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)小古文學(xué)習(xí)的興趣就成了小古文教學(xué)目標(biāo)的重中之重。那么，如何在教學(xué)過(guò)程中落實(shí)這一教學(xué)目標(biāo)呢？筆者做了如下嘗試：

一、趣讀

誦讀是小古文教學(xué)的命脈。小古文的表達(dá)方式與現(xiàn)代文有所不同，更具音樂(lè)美、對(duì)稱美及節(jié)奏美，尤其適合誦讀。小古文的誦讀形式豐富多彩：除常見(jiàn)的分角色朗讀、配樂(lè)朗讀、男女生輪讀、創(chuàng)設(shè)情境讀外，還可古文今文對(duì)照讀、根據(jù)平仄音律讀、插圖補(bǔ)白讀、古文版文本和現(xiàn)代版文本對(duì)照讀……教師可以根據(jù)教學(xué)需要自由靈活地選擇。

著名特級(jí)教師戴建榮老師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生按照“平仄”規(guī)律吟誦詩(shī)文，深受學(xué)生歡迎。對(duì)于短小精悍的小古文，教者可以讓學(xué)生先用“―”“|”表示“平”“仄”，遵循音韻規(guī)律趣讀。如《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》語(yǔ)句的吟誦指導(dǎo)：

| ― ― | ― | ― ― | | ― ― ― ― |

蚌方出曝，而鷸啄其肉，蚌合而箝其喙。

這樣，既朗朗上口，又抑揚(yáng)頓挫，詩(shī)文的節(jié)奏之美被淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。學(xué)生興致勃勃地嘗試，在快樂(lè)的誦讀體驗(yàn)中親近小古文。

二、趣品

品味主要是指用比較、揣摩的方法對(duì)文本的意蘊(yùn)和妙處進(jìn)行語(yǔ)感分析。小古文的詞、句、段高度凝練，內(nèi)涵豐富，皆可納入品味范疇。

在《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》一文中通過(guò)比較，品味“箝”的精妙：

師：剛才有同學(xué)說(shuō)“箝”就是“夾”的意思，那么直接把“夾”替換進(jìn)句子，你們覺(jué)得怎么樣？

（學(xué)生思考，搖頭，但似乎說(shuō)不出個(gè)所以然）

師：伸出你的手，試著做一做這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作。

（學(xué)生伸出雙手，比劃著，若有所悟）

師：用一個(gè)詞來(lái)形容，可以說(shuō)是――

（生的思路頓時(shí)打開(kāi)，答案精彩紛呈：使勁地、用盡全身力氣地、牢牢地、竭盡全力、死死地等）

師：同學(xué)們都從力度上來(lái)回答，那么，從速度上來(lái)講，那是――

（生：迅速地、迅雷不及掩耳之勢(shì)、閃電般等）

師：孩子們，想想此時(shí)此刻鷸蚌的心情，那么，鷸蚌又會(huì)怎么“箝”呢？

（生：狠狠地、互不相讓、毫不示弱等）

師：是的，在文本中，牢牢地、死死地、費(fèi)盡九牛二虎之力地、迅速地、互不相讓地，這樣的“夾”，就可以說(shuō)是“箝”。一個(gè)小小的“箝”字，讓我們感受到了鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)的激烈程度及二者復(fù)雜的內(nèi)心世界；一個(gè)小小的“箝”字，也讓我們感受到了古人用字的精準(zhǔn)與獨(dú)到。

通過(guò)“箝”和“夾”的比較品味，挖出了“箝”中無(wú)限的精彩，激發(fā)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的同時(shí)也帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生領(lǐng)略了古文所傳遞的情感和語(yǔ)言的魅力，在不知不覺(jué)中落實(shí)了教學(xué)目標(biāo)。

三、趣拓

選編入教材的小古文大多出自《論語(yǔ)》《戰(zhàn)國(guó)策》《韓非子》等經(jīng)典，所選編的小古文背后或有膾炙人口的故事，或蘊(yùn)涵著深刻的哲理，或在謀篇布局、細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)等寫(xiě)作方法方面有精妙之處可挖掘。“教育不是灌滿一桶水，而是點(diǎn)燃一團(tuán)火”（葉芝語(yǔ)），教師要適當(dāng)取舍，巧妙拓展，開(kāi)闊學(xué)生視野，努力點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)小古文及課外閱讀的興趣之火。

內(nèi)容方面的拓展。《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》一文，學(xué)生反復(fù)品讀感悟后，教師可告訴學(xué)生這則小小的寓言曾經(jīng)制止了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。在學(xué)生迫切想深入了解之時(shí)，把《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》在《戰(zhàn)國(guó)策》中的原文呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，讓學(xué)生思考：為什么聽(tīng)了蘇代的話后，趙惠王就消除了攻打燕國(guó)的念頭？適當(dāng)?shù)耐卣梗寣W(xué)生進(jìn)一步體會(huì)到寓言的特點(diǎn)及魅力，也體現(xiàn)了古文濃濃的文化味。

寫(xiě)作方法的拓展。著名特級(jí)教師林莘老師執(zhí)教《東施效顰》一文時(shí)，拋出“你怎么知道東施長(zhǎng)得丑”這一話題，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生潛心會(huì)文，討論交流，學(xué)習(xí)“側(cè)面描寫(xiě)”的方法，并適時(shí)引入《陌上桑》內(nèi)容：“行者見(jiàn)羅敷……但坐觀羅敷”，體會(huì)側(cè)面描寫(xiě)之精妙。

情感升華的拓展。《伯牙絕弦》一文，學(xué)生感受伯牙與鐘子期的情誼后，配樂(lè)誦讀悲痛欲絕的伯牙在子期墓前寫(xiě)下的短歌，學(xué)生深深地被這曠世“知音”之情感染，升華了情感，陶冶了情操。

四、趣說(shuō)

不同版本的教材均為學(xué)生了解文言文內(nèi)容提供了一定的幫助，如北師大版教材直接附譯文，人教版教材附注釋等，這也為學(xué)生的想象提供了很大的空間。教師要善于鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象，挑戰(zhàn)教材，在理解的基礎(chǔ)上，把文言文翻譯、創(chuàng)造得更生動(dòng)有趣，甚至超越教材。如《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》一文中“蚌方出曝，而鷸啄其肉，蚌合而箝其喙”一句，學(xué)生展開(kāi)豐富的想象進(jìn)行趣說(shuō)：“一只河蚌張開(kāi)殼兒在河灘上懶洋洋地曬著太陽(yáng)，嘴里還哼著小曲兒，瞧，它多么愜意呀！有只鷸循聲望去，一陣激動(dòng)：啊哈哈，我的美餐！它以迅雷不及掩耳之勢(shì)把嘴伸到蚌殼兒里去啄肉。歌聲戛然而止，突如其來(lái)的情況讓河蚌猝不及防，它急忙把殼兒合上，牢牢地夾住鷸的嘴不放。”這樣的趣說(shuō)，通過(guò)豐富的想象把文本創(chuàng)造性地讀“長(zhǎng)”了，訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力，同時(shí)也培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造想象能力。

五、趣演

小古文中人物形象很鮮明，比如《楊氏之子》中聰慧的孩子，《兩小兒辯日》中活潑可愛(ài)的小兒和謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、實(shí)事求是的孔子，《鄭人買履》中迂腐的鄭人等。教學(xué)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生走近文本中的人物，討論揣摩人物的語(yǔ)言、動(dòng)作、心理等，試著辯一辯，演一演，激發(fā)興趣，領(lǐng)會(huì)主旨。《鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)》一文中，鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)可謂達(dá)到了你死我活的白熱化程度。教師讓學(xué)生組內(nèi)分好角色，合作表演“鷸蚌相爭(zhēng)，漁翁得利”，學(xué)生情緒高漲。

表演中，學(xué)生感受到強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比：那樣你死我活的激烈爭(zhēng)斗，到頭來(lái)卻是雙雙失去性命的可悲下場(chǎng)，這兩個(gè)場(chǎng)景鮮明而突兀地呈現(xiàn)在眼前，學(xué)生情緒被充分調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái)，在哈哈大笑之余觸發(fā)深深的思考，心靈受到震撼。

六、趣“得意”