英漢諺語對比
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AbstractProverbsarethecreamofalanguage.Theyreflecttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.Humanbeings’commonsocialactivitiesareinmanyaspectssimilar,soEnglishandChineseproverbshavesimilarities.Becauseoftheculturaldifferences,EnglishandChineseproverbshavedifferencesintheirdetailedcontents.TheauthorcomparestheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesandalsoproposesthatEnglishandChineseproverbswillbreaktheboundaryandaccomplishinterfusion.EnglishandChineseproverbshavesimilaroriginandsimilarlinguisticcharacters.Theybothoriginatefromfolklife,mythology,literaryworksandfromotherlanguages.DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsalsoexist.Thatisdifferentgeography;differenthistorycustoms;differentreligionsanddifferentvalueconcepts.
KeyWordsproverbs;similarities;differences;interfusion
諺語是語言的一個重要組成部分，是各國語言文學(xué)藝術(shù)寶庫中的一朵奇葩。諺語體現(xiàn)了語言與文化的關(guān)系。由于人類的普遍社會活動和心理思維過程有許多共同之處，因此英漢諺語也存在著相同之處。但由于各國具體歷史文化背景的不同，所以英漢諺語又存在著差異。本文分析了英漢諺語的相同點與不同點，并提出英漢諺語在跨文化交際中的滲透與融合。英漢諺語有著相同的起源和語言特點。都來自民間生活，神話傳說，文學(xué)作品和外來語。英漢諺語的語言具有簡煉和生動形象的特點。但從具體內(nèi)容來看，英漢諺語表現(xiàn)了不同的地理、歷史、宗教和文化價值觀念。最后指出隨著世界文化的交流，諺語逐漸打破國家和民族的界限，英漢諺語在互相滲透與融合。
諺語；相同點；不同點；融合
1.Introduction
ThedefinitionofproverbbyOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionaryis“shortwell-knownsayingthatstatesageneraltruthorgivesadvice.”(精練的俗語，或為普遍道理或為勸誡語)WuZhankunsaidthatproverbsarethecrystalofnationalwisdomandexperience.Theyarefrequentlyusedorallyandhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationandusuallygivepeopleinformationandspeakthetruth.Theyareshortsentenceswithcommonstyle,concisestructure,andvividlanguage.1WangQinsaidthatproverbsarethesummingupofpracticalexperiences.Theyaretheoralformsoflanguagethatgivepeopleexperience,adviceorwarning.2ThegreatEnglishphilosopherFrancisBacononcesaid:“Thegenius,witandspiritofanationarediscoveredinitsproverbs.”
Fromthesedefinitions,wecanseecommoncharactersofproverbs.Proverbsarethecrystalofthenationalwisdomandexperience.Proverbsarecolloquial,sotheyareveryeasytoberememberedandhandeddown.Theyusuallygivepeopleadviceandwarning.
Proverbsarethecreamofalanguage.Languageandculturearetightlyinteractedwitheachother;eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.Languageispartofculture.TheChineselanguageispartofChinacultureandEnglishlanguageispartofEnglishculture.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture.Humanknowledgeandexperiencearedescribedandstoredinlanguage.3Asapartoflanguage,proverbscloselyintegratedwiththesocietyandculture.Proverbsreflectmanyaspectsofthenationsuchasgeography,history,religiousfaithandvalues.
EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagesystems,havinggreatdifferencesintheircultures.Buthumanbeings’commonsocialactivitiesandemotionalreflectionandobservationoftheworldareinmanyaspectssimilar.SonotonlydifferencesbutalsomanysimilaritiesexistinEnglishandChineseproverbs.Withthecommunicationofworld,EnglishandChineseproverbsarepermeatingandinterfusingeachother.
2.SimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs
ThesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsmainlylieintheiroriginsandlinguisticcharacters.
2.1Similarorigins
Proverbsareconcise,vividandcommonshortsentenceswhichbeusedandpassedonorally.Theyarethesummingupoftheexperienceintheproductionstruggleandthesociallifeandthecrystalofwisdom.4AnEnglishproverbitselftellsusthat“Proverbsarethedaughterofexperience.”FromthesewecanfindthatEnglishandChineseproverbsenjoythesimilarorigin:theybothoriginatefrompeople’sdailylifeandexperience.Specificallyspeaking,theybothcomefromfolklife,mythology,literaryworksandfromotherlanguages.
2.1.1Originatingfromfolklife
Proverbsarethesummaryofpeople’sdailylifeandexperience,andcloselyrelatedtothepracticeofpeople’slifeandwork,revealingauniversaltruthfromdetailssoastoenlightenpeople.Therearemanyproverbsoriginatedfromfolklife.Theyarecreatedbyworkingpeople,suchasfarmers,workmen,hunters,businessmen,army-menandsoon.Theyusefamiliartermsthatwereassociatedwiththeirownfields.E.g.:
Farmerscreatedthefollowingproverbs
:
(1)Makehaywhilethesunshines.
(2)Aprilrainyforcorn,Mayforgrass.
(3)肥不過春雨,瘦不過秋霜。
(4)春天不忙，秋后無糧。
Workmencreatedthefollowingproverbs:
(5)Strikewhiletheironishot.
(6)Agoodanvildoesnotfearthehammer.
(7)木匠怕漆匠，漆匠怕光亮。
Hunterscreatedthefollowingproverbs:
(8)Hethatisafraidofeverybushwillneverproveagoodhuntsman.
(9)上山打虎心要狠，下海提龍心要齊。
Businessmencreatedthefollowingproverbs:
(10)Youpayyourmoneyandtakeyourchoice.
(11)貨有高低三等價，客無遠(yuǎn)近一樣待。
Army-mencreatedthefollowingproverbs:
(12)Agoodgeneralmakegoodmen.
(13)養(yǎng)兵千日，用在一時。
Thesewerefirstusedbyalimitedgroupofpeopleinthesamefields.Becausetheyarephilosophicalcolloquialism,latertheygraduallygainedwideacceptanceandpartlybecamepartofthecommoncornoflanguageandarenowusedinmanyothersituations.
2.1.2Originatingfrommythology
Eachnationhasitsownmythology,fableandallusion.Chinesetraditionalculture,ancientGreekandRomancivilizationbequeathmanymythologiesandallusions.Theybecomeoneofthemajorsourcesofproverbs.ThestoriesandheroesinGreekMythology,TheFableofAesopandTheHomerleftalotofproverbs.E.g.:
(14)IfeartheGreeks,evenwhenbringinggifts.(Fromthewell-knownstoryoftheTrojanhorsebywhichtheGreekstookthecityofTroy.)
(15)YoucannotmakeaMercuryofeverydog.(FromRomanMythology.Itmeansthatnoteverymindwillanswerequallywelltobetrainedintoascholar).
(16)Thefoxsaidthegrapesweresour.(FromTheFablesofAesop.Itmeansthatonesaidsomethingisbadwhenonecannotgetit.)
Chineseculturecantracebacktoancienttimes.Thereweremanynaturalphenomenonsandourancestorcan’texplainthesephenomenons.Theycreatedthemythologyandfabletoexplainthephenomenon.SomanyChineseproverbscomefrommythologyandfable.E.g.:
(17)八仙過海，各顯神通。（from《八仙過海》）
(18)過著牛郎織女的生活。（fromafolklegend）
2.1.3Originatingfromliteraryworks
ManyEnglishandChineseproverbscomefromliteraryworks.Anation’sliterarylanguagesareitslanguage’sginger.Theypromotethedevelopmentoflanguage.Someofbrilliantsentences,plotandhero’snameinliteraryworksbecomeproverbs.5
Therearemanygreatwritersinwesternsociety,suchasShakespeare,FrancisBacon,JohnMiltonandsoon.TheyhadmadedistinctivecontributionstothedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.TheirworkswereacceptedandpassedonbyEnglishpeoplefromgenerationtogeneration.ManysentencesbecometheEnglishproverbs.
Shakespeare’sworksarethemostcolorfulliteratureoriginofproverbs.ManyEnglishproverbsarefromtheworksofShakespeare.E.g.:
(19)“Thebiterissometimesbit.”isfromShakespeare’sHamlet.Ittellspeoplethatthosewhodobadthingstootherswillbringthemselvestrouble.
(20)“Allisnotgoldthatglitters.”isfromShakespeare’sTheMerchantsofVenice.Itmeansthatthosewhohaveagoodappearancearenotnecessarilyprofoundorlearned.
Someotherwriters,philosophers’wordsalsobecomeproverbs.E.g.:(21)“Readingmakesafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman”isfromadistinguishedEnglishphilosopherandwriterBacon’sOnReading.Ittellspeoplethatreading,conferenceandwritingcanmakeapersonlearned,sharpandprecise.And(22)“Thechildhoodshowstheman”isfromMilton’sParadiseRegained.
ManyChineseproverbsarefromclassicChineseliteraryworks.Thefourgreatworks:ThePilgrimagetotheWest,TheThreeKingdoms,ADreamofRedMansionsandTheMarshRebellionarethemostpopularclassicsinChina.Suchas:
(23)溫故而知新。(Bystudyingtheoldonelearnssomethingnew)---《論語》(SelectedReading)
(24)三個臭皮匠頂個諸葛亮。(ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemaster---thewisdomofthemassesexceedsthatofthewisestindividual.)---《三國演義》(TheThreeKingdoms)
(25)三十六計,走為上計。(Ofthethirty-sixstratagems,thebestisrunningaway.)---《水滸傳》(TheMarshRebellion)
(26)謀事在人,成事在天。(Manproposes;Goddisposes.)---《紅樓夢》(ADreamofRedMansions)
(27)說曹操,曹操到。(Talkofthedevilandheissuretoappear.)---《三國演義》(TheThreeKingdoms)
Literature,asamirrorofsociallife,isanothersourceofproverbs.Manysentencesintheseliteraryworksarefullofwisdomandeasytoberemembered,sopeoplelikethemandusethemagainandagain.Atlast,theybecometheproverbsandarewidelyused.Wecansaythatproverbsarethecreamoftheliteraryworks.
2.1.4Originatingfromotherlanguages
Withthecommunicationofworld,nation’sbound
aryisbeingbroken.Moreandmorelanguagescontactedwitheachother.Becauseofthegeographyandhistory,Englishwasinfluencedandimpactedbyotherlanguagesinitsdevelopmentprocess.SoEnglishhaveabsorbedagreatnumberofexpressionsofothernation’sculture.Sodoproverbs.ManyEnglishproverbsarefromLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.Asthereasonofhistory,mostoftheseloanedproverbsweretransferredintoEnglishandsomemaintaintheoriginallanguages.
ManyEnglishproverbsoriginatefromLatin.E.g.:
(28)Artislong,lifeisshort.
(29)Thewishisfathertothethought.
SomeLatinproverbsaretransferredintoEnglish.ForexampleEnglishpeoplehavegot(30)“Soonripe,soonrotten”from“Citomaturumcitoputridum”.
ManyEnglishproverbscomefromFrench.Forexample,Englishpeoplehavegot(31)“Whenthefoxpreaches,takecareoffyourgeese”from“Quandlerenardsemetaprecher,gardeauxpoules”.
Englishproverbsalsocomefromforeignwriters’works.Forexample,(32)“Constantdrippingwearsawaythestone.”isfromRomanpoetOvid.
Chinesepeoplehavealsogotsomeproverbsfromotherlanguages.Suchas
(33)“吃不到葡萄說葡萄酸”isfrom“Thegrapesaresour.”
(34)“誰笑到最后，誰笑得最好”isfrom“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.”
(35)“條條大路通羅馬”isfrom“AllroadsleadtoRome.”
ThesehavebeenacceptedbyChinesepeopleandbecomeChineseproverbs.
FromabovewecanfindoutthatEnglishandChineseproverbshavesimilaroriginsfromfolklife,mythology,literaryworksandfromotherlanguages.FromthesesimilaroriginswecanseethatEnglishandChinesepeoplehavesimilarsocialactivitiesandemotionalreflectionandobservationoftheworld.
2.2Similarlinguisticcharacters
Proverbsarecreatedbycommonpeopleandorallyhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationagainandagain.EnglishandChineseproverbsareconciseandvivid.
2.2.1Conciseness
Thecleanestwaterisspring;themostrefinedwordsareproverbs.Proverbdictionisneatandsimple.Proverbsusethefewestwordstoexpressthecontents.Theyareconcise,condensedandcompact.MostofEnglishandChineseproverbsaresimplesentences.E.g.:
(36)Easycomeeasygo.
(37)Nopainsnogains.
(38)人勤地不懶。
(39)人心齊泰山移。
Proverbsaresimpleandshortsentences,sotheycanberememberedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.
2.2.2Vividness
Proverbsuserhetoricaldevicestoattractthereadersdeeply.ManyChineseandEnglishproverbsusethesamerhetoricaldevicessuchassimile,metaphor,repetitionandhyperbole,etc.
Simileisusedveryfrequently.Itisafigureofspeech,inwhichamoreorlessfancifulorunrealisticcomparisonismade,using“l(fā)ike”or“as”.6Herearesomeexamples:
(40)割麥如救火。
(41)剩秧如剩草，缺秧如缺寶。
(42)Agoodfriendisasthesuninwinter.
(43)Ablackplumisassweetasawhite.
Metaphorisafigureofspeech,whichconciselycomparestwothingsbysayingthatoneistheother.7Itdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertoimplyaresemblance.E.g.:
(44)Timeisfatheroftruth.
(45)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.
(46)一寸光陰一寸金。
(47)謊言怕真理，黑暗怕陽光。
Repetitionisanotherrhetoricaldeviceusedtoexpressstrongfeelingsoremphasizesomemeanings.E.g.:
(48)哪個老虎不吃人，哪個地主不狠心。
(49)Manylords,manylaws.
Gorkysaidthat,“Thetrueartisauthorizedtoexaggerate.”Hyperboleisanexaggerationusedtogiveemphasisandstrikethereadersdeeply.E.g.:
(50)Athousandyearscannotrepairamoment’slossofhonor.
(51)谷子栽得稀，不夠喂小雞。
Theexaggerationisnotfalse.Itcomesfromthetruefeelingsandbasesonreality.8
Apartfromtheaboverhetoricaldevices,thereareotherdevices.TheyareAntithesis,Synecdoche,Personification,etc.
Theuseofrhetoricaldevicesmakesproverbsfresh,humorous,implicitandfullofwit.
ThoughEnglishandChineseproverbsenjoythesimilarorigins,theyalsohavedifferencesintheirdetailedcontents.Wewilldiscusstheirdifferencesfromthefollowingaspects:differentgeography;differenthistorycustoms;differentreligionsanddifferentvalueconcepts.
3.DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs
Languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Languageisthemirrorofculture.Itcanrepresenteveryaspectofculture.9Proverbisanimportantpartofanationallanguageandtheyreflecttherelationbetweencultureandlanguage.Differentnationshavedifferentculture.Generallyspeaking,themajordifferenceslieingeography;historycustoms;religionsandvalueconcepts.Asaresult,EnglishandChineseproverbsaredifferentinthedetailedc
ontents.
3.1Reflectingdifferentgeography
Anation’sgeographicalenvironmentisaframeworkinwhichalanguageandculturehavebeendeveloping.Thegeographicalfeaturesofacountryareinevitablyreflectedinthenationallanguageingeneralandproverbsinparticular.10
EnglandisanislandcountryandlocatedinthewesternseasideofEurope.Englishpeoplelivebyseasideandtheirlifecannotdowithoutsailingandfishing.SomanyEnglishproverbsarerelatedtoseaandsailing.E.g.:
(52)Thebestfishsmellwhentheyarethreedaysold.
(53)Allatsea.
(54)Beingonthesea,sail;beingontheland,settle.
(55)Letanother’sshipwreckbeyournavigationmark.
Chinaisanagriculturecountry.Everyfeudaldynastypaysmuchattentiontoagriculture.Agricultureisthefundamentalandcrucialtrade.Sotherearemanyfarmingproverbsaboutagriculture.FarmingproverbsconstitutealargepartofChineseproverbs.TheyarethecrystalofagricultureexperiencesofChinesepeople.Itcanbeseeninthefollowingexamples:
(56)春雨貴如油。（Rainduringspringtimeispreciousasoil.）
(57)種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。（Asapansows,soshallhereap.）
(58)人勤地不懶。(Ifmanisdiligent,soilisnotidle.)
(59)瑞雪兆豐年。(Asnowyear,arichyear.)
(60)一粒下地,萬粒歸倉。(Fromonegrainsownintotheearth,onethousandgrainswillspring.)
(61)前人種樹,后人乘涼。(Ancestorsplanttreeswhiledescendantsenjoythecoolunderthetreeshade—enjoyingthefruitsoflaborofone’sancestors.)
Fromabove,wecanseethatEnglishandChineseproverbsreflecttheirdifferentgeographicalconditions.Englandisanislandcountry,somanyEnglishproverbsareabout“sea”,“fish”,“ship”andsoon.WhilemanyChineseproverbsareaboutagriculture,suchas“豆”，“雪”，“倉”，“地”,etc.
3.2Reflectingdifferenthistorycustoms
Eachnationhasitsownhistory.Sinceproverbsarehistoricalproducts,theymayreflectsomeaspectsofthenationalhistory.
EnglishproverbsarerelatedtothehistoryofEngland.E.g.:(62)“Itisashardtopleaseaknaveasaknight.”AknightreferstoamangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishmonarch.TherearemanylegendsabouttheEnglishknights(e.g.:KingArthurandhisgreenknights)intheancienttimes;and(63)“Fromwhippingposttopillory.”Awhippingpostisaposttowhichapersonwastiedforapublicwhippingandapilloryisawoodenframeworkwiththreeholesintowhichtheheadandhandsofanoffenderwereloked,exposinghimtopublicabuseandridicule.11
Chinahasalonghistory.Thereisthousandsofyears’feudalsocietyinChina.Peoplewerebondedbytherankofclass.Therulersexploitandbullythepeoplecruelty.TherearemanyChineseproverbsaboutfeudalandgenderdiscrimination.E.g.:
(64)只許州官放火,不許百姓點燈。(Themagistratesarefreetoburndownhouses,whilethecommonpeopleareforbiddeneventolightlamps.–Thepowerfulcandowhattheywant,theweakarenotallowedtodoanything.)
(65)朱門酒肉臭,路有凍死骨。(Behindthereddoorsmeatandwinegotowastewhileoutontheroadsliethebonesofthefrozen.)
(66)嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗。(Marryacockandfollowthecock,marryadogandfollowthedog.—Followthemanyoumarry,behefowlorcur.)12
FromabovewecanseethatEnglishandChineseproverbsreflectthedifferenthistory.EnglishproverbsarerelatedtokingandknightwhileChineseproverbsreflecttheChinesepeople’sgrudgeandresistancetorulers.
3.3Reflectingdifferentreligions
Religionisaveryimportantpartofculture.Differentreligionsreflectdifferentculturalcharacters,differentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentculturaltraditions.Religionisaculturalphenomenon.Proverbsarecloselyrelatedtotheculture,soproverbscanreflectthedifferentreligiousfaith.13
EnglishpeoplebelieveinChristianityanditisthemostinfluentialreligioninthewest.ManyEnglishproverbsreflectEnglishpeople’sreligiousfaithandmanyofthemareabout“God”,“devil”,“heaven”,“church”,“cross”and“hell”.E.g.:
(67)Aspoorasthechurchmouse.
(68)Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.
(69)ThedevilcanciteScriptureforhispurpose.
(70)Bettergotoheaveninragsthantohellinembroidering.
(71)ThewaytoheavenisbyWeepingCross.
TheproverbsaboveareapparentlyrelatedtoChristianity,becauseinthem“God”,“devil”,“heaven”,“church”,“cross”and“hell”appearwhicharetheembodimentsofChristianity.
Incontrast,BuddhismisthemostpopularreligioninChina.ManyproverbsareaboutBuddhismsuchas:
(72)平時不燒香,臨時抱佛腳。(Neverburningincensewhenalliswell,butclaspingBuddha’sfeetinanemergency.)
(73)跑得了和尚,
跑不了廟。(Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecan’trunwithhim.—Afugitivemustbelongtosomeplacethatcanprovideclues.)
(74)泥菩薩過河,自身難保。(Likeaclayidolfordingariver--hardlyabletosaveone.)
(75)放下屠刀,立地成佛。(ThebutcherwholaysdownhisknifeatoncebecomesaBuddha.)
Theseproverbsareabout佛，和尚，廟and菩薩。ThedoctrinesofBuddhistadmonishpeopletodogooddeedsandsotheycangototheheavenaftertheirdeath.TaoismcomesnexttoBuddhisminChina.ThereareproverbsaboutTaoismsuchas
(76)一人得道，雞犬升天。
(77)道高一尺，魔高一丈，etc.
EnglishandChinesepeoplehavedifferentreligiousfaith.DifferentreligionsleadtothedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs.ChristianityisthemainreligioninEnglish-speakingcountries,somanyEnglishproverbsarerelatedto“God”.WhileChinesepeoplebelievedinBuddhismandTaoism,somanyChineseproverbsareabout“佛”and“道”。
3.4Reflectingdifferentvalueconcepts
ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternvalueconceptsmainlylieinindividualismandcollective.
Westernersbelievethateverymanisequal.Theyaspiretofreedomandequality.ManyEnglishproverbsshowAmerican’sadvocatingoffreedomandindividualism.E.g.:
(78)Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.
(79)Hehelpslittlethathelpsnothimself.
Thesetwoproverbsillustratetheindividualrole.Thewords“themselves”and“himself”showthatindependenceplaysanimportantroleintheirlife.
(80)Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfortune.
(81)Ifyouwantathingwelldone,doityourself.
Thesetwoproverbsattachimportancetoindependenceandself-reliance.Self-relianceimpelspeopletocreateopportunities,seekcompetitionandbereadyforrisks.
(82)“Itisthesqueakywheelthatgetstheoil.”givesprominencetotheindividualism.
(83)“Everymanafterhisfashion.”laysstressonindividualdifferences.
Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopletakemodestyasvirtue.Theyrespecttheoldandtakegoodcareoftheyoung.Theircharacteristicsare“justiceandhumanity”,“modesty”and“l(fā)ove”.14Chinesepeoplepaymuchattentiontocollectivismandthinkhighlyoftheroleofgroups.Theylaystressonhelpeachotherandrelianceeachother.Theyalsopayattentiontotheharmonioushumanrelationshipandtheytrytosavetheotherside’sface.ManyChineseproverbsreflectthistrend.15E.g.:
(84)“孤樹結(jié)成林不怕風(fēng)吹，滴水集成海不怕日曬。”showsthestrengthofcollectiveorunion.
(85)“四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟。”reflectstheimportanceofmutualhelpandreliance.
(86)“相互協(xié)助事好辦，各自揣私心事難成。”laysstressontheharmonioushumanrelationship.
(87)“忍一時風(fēng)平浪靜，退一步海闊天空。”suggeststhatpeopleshouldsavetheotherside’sface.
Thereareexceptionsthatareoppositetothemainstream.SomeEnglishproverbsalsoreflecttheimportanceofcollectivism.Forexample,(88)“makeyourselfnecessarytosomeone.”Chinesetraditionalvalueconcepthasbeengreatlyimpactedwiththeinputofindividualism.(89)“一個和尚挑水吃；兩個和尚抬水吃；三個和尚沒水吃”iscontrarytoChinesecollectivetendency.Inspiteoftheseexceptions,theirmainstreamsarenotchanged.
EnglishandChineseproverbshavemanysimilaritiesanddifferences.Withthecommunicationofworldculture,proverbswillbreaktheboundaryofstatesandnations,promotetheculturalconvergenceandachieveinterfusion.EnglishandChineseproverbsarepermeatingandinterfusingeachotherconstantly.
4.Permeationandinterfusion
Withtheprogressofscienceandtechnology,thedevelopmentofsocietyanddisseminationofinformation,thecommunicationandcooperationamongcountriesareexpanding.Thecontactamongstatesandnationsismoreandmorefrequent.Differentnationalculturesarepermeatingandinterfusing.Languageisthecarrierofculture.Culturalconvergenceisdirectlyreflectedintheintegrationoflanguage,atthesametimetheinterfusionandchangingoflanguagereflectandrecordtheevolutionofculturalconvergence.16Proverbisthecrystaloflanguage.Ithasnoexception.
ThecommunicationbetweenChineseandWesterncultureismoreandmorefrequent.Thesetwoculturesaffectandpermeatemutually.EnglishabsorbmanyChinesewords,andagreatnumberofEnglishwordsalsoenterintheChineseculture.Forexample：
(90)“以眼還眼，以牙還牙”isfrom“Aneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth.”
(91)“誰笑到最后，誰笑得最好”isfrom“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.”
(92)“吃不到葡萄說葡萄酸”isfrom“Sourgrapes”andsoon.
(93)“Distantwatercannotquenchafirenearby”isfrom“遠(yuǎn)水解不了近火”
(94)“Don’tclimbatreetolookforfish.”isfrom“勿緣木求魚。”
(95)“Takeawayfuel,takeawayfla
me.”isfrom“揚湯止沸，不如釜底抽薪。”
(96)“Thetruthbyincessantendeavors.”isfrom“愚者千慮，必有一得。”—《史記》（RecordsoftheHistorian）
(97)“Betterreturnhomeandmakeanetthanlongforfishbythewaterside.”isfrom“臨淵而捕魚，不如退而結(jié)網(wǎng)。”—《漢書》（HistoryoftheHanDynasty）
FromaboveproverbswecanseethatmanyChineseproverbsbecomeEnglishproverbsandChinesepeoplealsoacceptalotofEnglishproverbs.EnglishandChineseproverbsarepermeatingandinterfusingeachotherconstantly.
5.Conclusion
Proverbsarethecreamofalanguage.Theyarecloselyrelatedtoanation’scultureandenjoygreatculturalvalues.Theyreflecttherelationbetweencultureandlanguage.Eachnationhasitsowngeography,history,religionandsocialattitude.Becauseoftheculturalgeneralitiesanddifferences,EnglishandChineseproverbshavetheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.Theyarepermeatingandinterfusingeachother.Soacomparativestudyofthemcanhelpustolearnalanguagewellandunderstandthetruemeaningofother’swordincross-culturecommunication.
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